We have reviewed the literature from the 1950's to the present on the effects of neuroleptics on perceptual and neuropsychological function in chronic schizophrenic patients. In contrast to previous reviews, we have delineated the acute and chronic effects of neuroleptics on individual cognitive and motor tasks by drug, dose, and length of administration. To date, studies have shown that acute administration of neuroleptics impairs performance on some, but not all, tasks requiring vigilance and attention, and on some tasks requiring motor behavior. Chronic administration of neuroleptics, however, improves performance on some tasks requiring sustained attention and visuomotor problem-solving skills depending on dose and length of administration. Moreover, there is consistent evidence to suggest that chronic administration of neuroleptics in this patient population does not impair neuropsychological function independent of motor function. These findings have direct implications regarding the risk/benefit ratio and legal ramifications for the use of neuroleptics in chronic schizophrenic patients.

Footshock stress produced an immediate increase in brain concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4), a major metabolite of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, in the rat brain. Twenty-four hours after footshock stress, when concentrations had returned to baseline, increases in MHPG-SO4 and emotional behavior could be elicited by previously neutral environmental stimuli that had been paired with the stress.

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