Upon contact with biological fluids, nanoparticles (NPs) are readily coated by cellular compounds, particularly proteins, which are determining factors for the localization and toxicity of NPs in the organism. Here, we improved a methodological approach to identify proteins that adsorb on silica NPs with high affinity. Using large-scale proteomics and mixtures of soluble proteins prepared either from yeast cells or from alveolar human cells, we observed that proteins with large unstructured region(s) are more prone to bind on silica NPs. These disordered regions provide flexibility to proteins, a property that promotes their adsorption. The statistical analyses also pointed to a marked overrepresentation of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and of translation initiation factors among the adsorbed proteins. We propose that silica surfaces, which are mainly composed of Si-O and Si-OH groups, mimic ribose-phosphate molecules (rich in -O and -OH) and trap the proteins able to interact with ribose-phosphate containing molecules. Finally, using an in vitro assay, we showed that the sequestration of translation initiation factors by silica NPs results in an inhibition of the in vitro translational activity. This result demonstrates that characterizing the protein corona of various NPs would be a relevant approach to predict their potential toxicological effects.