Strontium isotopes are a powerful tool for investigating the geographical origins of people and animals but assignment of provenance requires reference maps and databases. This paper presents a map of strontium isotope variations across Britain for use in archaeological and other studies, and is produced by direct measurement of strontium isotope compositions of biosphere components, predominantly plants. The map characterizes the biosphere signature of specific lithologies: a technique that is applicable worldwide. Marine-derived strontium, from both rainwater and coastal sea-splash and spray, is an important contribution to the British biosphere, particularly on the western seaboard, which is subject to high rainfall and prevailing westerly winds. Supplementary material: Methods, full data table, and full-size version of Figure 1b are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18388 .

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The potential of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope composition for tracking and determining the origin of material, whether it is humans, animals, water or wine can be fully realized only if high-quality reference datasets are available against which to compare the unknowns. This is currently not the case. Despite the rapid increase in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr-based provenance studies of biosphere materials there are no well-documented maps available. Most researchers resort to generating reference maps from a variety of geological datasets plus the analysis of sparse 'environmental' samples. A major reason for this lack of reference material is the investment needed to undertake systematic sampling and analysis over large areas. A further problem is associated with the choice of proxy material, as organisms differ in their habitat and exploitation of resources. In this paper various approaches to isotope biosphere sampling are considered, some of the problems are assessed, the precision required for the study of human populations is discussed, and a first attempt is made to condense all of the available information into an 'isotope package' map. The work is based on a study undertaken on the Isle of Skye, in the Inner Hebrides, and reduces the complexity of geological and isotope data into five main 87 Sr/ 86 Sr packages: Package 1 (northern area) ¼ 0.705-0.7092; Package 2 (NE coast) ¼ 0.7082-0.7102; Package 3 (granitic rocks) ¼ 0.716-0.720; Package 4 (metamorphic rocks) ¼ 0.7092-0.7188; Package 5 (seawater) ¼ 0.7092 AE 0.005% (2ó). The approach of trying to constrain the isotope composition of certain areas and/or lithologies offers the possibility of extrapolating to other similar areas without having to sample at the original density.

The reduction of risks associated with chemical processing operations is essential for the safe operation of chemical plants. The reduction of these risks is accomplished through a comprehensive process safety management program. Key elements of this program include Hazard and Operability Studies, Emergency Relief Venting, Process Automation, Management of Change Control Procedures, Process Specific Training, and so forth. Central to many of these elements is a thorough, in‐depth understanding of the reactive nature of chemical processing operations. This understanding can only be obtained through intensive laboratory evalutions using “leading edge” process safety testing technologies. To accomplish this goal, a systematic process safety testing program has been established aimed at characterizing the reactive nature of both the desired and undesired chemistry. The information obtained is directly applicable to the development of intrinsically safe processes and for the safe design/operation of chemical processing facilities.

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