Abstract.One of the best solutions to face the problems in the current European electric systems is based on the implementation of microgrids as a way of increasing the consumption from renewable energy (RE) sources, improving energy efficiency, decreasing GHG emissions and, as a consequence, complying with European Commission (EC) 2020 targets. In this line, different EU regulations have been established but the particularities of each member state regulatory framework could appear as a barrier. For this reason, it is important to study how member states are carrying out the tasks associated with the penetration of microgrids, studying how European directives are transposed and incentives introduced. Besides, representative projects and demonstration cases for microgrids are shown, in order to determine the feasibility of the introduction of this novel concept in real situations.
A major deficit is revealed both in the frequency of the check-ups conducted by the healthcare professionals as well as the number of interventions performed for achieving the proposed objectives, showing results far below what is recommended in the clinical practice guidelines.
Abstract. Some years ago microgrids (µ-grids) became the most promising solution to the problems of the current electric system. There are many studies that demonstrate the advantages of using µ-grids, among which the following can be highlighted: microgrids can improve power quality inside and outside them; supply reliability of the internal loads is higher [1][2]; and the generalization of µ-grids could extend the usage of distributed generation (DG) systems.Despite being very extended in the scientific and engineering world, the µ-grid concept is not usual in the ordinary world. Proof of this is that current electric legislation does not include their usage. Prior to its spread, µ-grids must have an appropriate legal and economic environment. Through this text, the authors would like to show the legal limitations that the µ-grids usage will find in Spain and the solutions that are applied in other countries and states.The final objective of this paper is to present a legal and economic framework that would promote the development of µ-grids in Spain.
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