The Waymouth model, which describes the glow-to-thermionic arc transition in qualitative terms, has been extended. To get a quantitative description of the glow-to-arc transition phenomena in metal halide lamps (with their emitterless electrodes) it is essential to include in the model a current dependent glow voltage. When this is done, the model calculations of the glow time and ignition time are found to agree well with experimental results. The influences of a number of lamp parameters on glow time and ignition time have been investigated in the light of this improved model.

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Light Generation 2.1. Thermal Radiation from Solids 2.2. Radiation from Gas Discharges 2.3. Radiation from Semiconductors (LEDs) 2.4. Modeling of Lamps 3. Main Types of Lamps 4. Lamp Chemistry 4.1. General 4.2. Transport Chemistry 4.2.1. Principles 4.2.2. Incandescent Lamps 4.2.3. Halogen Incandescent Lamps 4.2.4. Metal Halide Lamps 5. Basic Lamp Materials 5.1. Metals 5.2. Glass 5.2.1. Glass Composition and Glass Types 5.2.2. Properties 5.2.3. Glasses for Lamp Types 5.2.4. Glass‐to‐Metal Seals 5.3. Polycrystalline Alumina 5.4. Fluorescent Powders 6. Special Lamp Materials 6.1. Getters 6.2. Amalgams 6.3. Emitters 6.4. Cements and Marking Paints 7. Coatings 8. Lamp Production 9. Economic Aspects and Uses

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