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Providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for NS among patients with syphilis, particularly those with HIV infection.

Effective sexually transmitted disease risk reduction interventions using the Internet are needed to reach Internet-using, sex-seeking MSM populations engaging in high-risk behaviors.

South Africa has the largest number of people living with HIV worldwide. South Africa has implemented five population-based HIV prevalence surveys since 2002 aimed at understanding the dynamics and the trends of the epidemic. This paper presents key findings from the fifth HIV prevalence, incidence, and behaviour survey conducted in 2017 following policy, programme, and epidemic change since the prior survey was conducted in 2012. A cross-sectional population-based household survey collected behavioural and biomedical data on all members of the eligible households. A total of 39,132 respondents from 11,776 households were eligible to participate, of whom 93.6% agreed to be interviewed, and 61.1% provided blood specimens. The provided blood specimens were used to determine HIV status, HIV incidence, viral load, exposure to antiretroviral treatment, and HIV drug resistance. Overall HIV incidence among persons aged 2 years and above was 0.48% which translates to an estimated 231,000 new infections in 2017. HIV prevalence was 14.0% translating to 7.9 million people living with HIV. Antiretroviral (ARV) exposure was 62.3%, with the lowest exposure among those aged 15 to 24 years (39.9%) with 10% lower ARV coverage among males compared to females. Viral suppression among those on treatment was high (87.3%), whilst HIV population viral load suppression was much lower (62.3%). In terms of risk behaviours, 13.6% of youth reported having had an early sexual debut (first sex before the age of 15 years), with more males reporting having done so (19.5%) than females (7.6%). Age-disparate relationships, defined as having a sexual partner 5+ years different from oneself,) among adolescents were more common among females (35.8%) than males (1.5%). Self-reported multiple sexual partnerships (MSPs), defined as having more than one sexual partner in the previous 12 months, were more commonly reported by males (25.5%) than females (9.0%). Condom use at last sexual encounter was highest among males than females. Three quarters (75.2%) of people reported they had ever been tested for HIV, with more females (79.3%) having had done so than males (70.9%). Two-thirds of respondents (66.8%) self-reported having tested for HIV in the past 12 months. Finally, 61.6% of males in the survey self-reported as having been circumcised, with circumcision being more common among youth aged 15–24 years (70.2%), Black Africans (68.9%), and those living in both rural informal (tribal) areas (65%) and urban areas (61.9%). Slightly more (51.2%) male circumcisions were reported to have occurred in a medical setting than in traditional settings (44.8%), with more young males aged 15–24 (62.6%) and men aged 25–49 (51.5%) reporting to have done so compared to most men aged 50 and older (57.1%) who reported that they had undergone circumcision in a traditional setting. The results of this survey show that strides have been made in controlling the HIV epidemic, especially in the reduction of HIV incidence, HIV testing, and treatment. Although condom use at last sex act remains unchanged, there continue to be some challenges with the lack of significant behaviour change as people, especially youth, continue to engage in risky behaviour and delay treatment initiation. Therefore, there is a need to develop or scale up targeted intervention programmes to increase HIV testing further and put more people living with HIV on treatment as well as prevent risky behaviours that put young people at risk of HIV infection.

Methamphetamine use has been associated with risky sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). Field interview records for MSM early syphilis (ES) patients were reviewed for factors associated with methamphetamine use during January 2001 through December 2004. There were a total of 2915 ES cases reported during the study period. Of these, 1904 (65%) were MSM. Of these MSM, 167 reported methamphetamine use. Methamphetamine use was associated with having multiple sex partners (prevalence ratios [PR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-2.4), not using condoms (PR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-2.5), having anonymous sex partners (PR 1.1 95% CI 1.03-1.2), history of recent incarceration (PR 5.4, 95% CI 3.3-8.7), and meeting sex partners via the Internet (PR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-2.1), at bathhouses (PR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.0) and on the streets (PR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-4.0). In multivariate analysis having multiple sex partners, not using condoms, recent incarceration and meeting sex partners at bathhouses were significantly associated with methamphetamine use. In conclusion, effective STD risk reduction interventions targeting MSM methamphetamine users are needed to curb risky sexual behaviour.