Back ground: First line antiretroviral treatment failure has led to increased HIV associated mortality especially in resource limited setting. A determinant of First line antiretroviral treatment failure is not well studied in Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to identify determinants of first line treatment failure among adults living with HIV in western Oromia public hospitals, West Ethiopia. Method: Unmatched case control study was conducted at public hospitals of West Oromia using medical record review. Cases were adult HIV patients on ART in selected hospitals who were switched to second line ART regimen because of first line treatment failure in the past ten years (2005-2015) and Controls were adult HIV patients on ART in selected hospitals who were on first line ART for greater or equal to six month in the same years (2005-2015).Data was collected by trained nurses (counselors) using checklists developed from Ministry of Health ART follow up form and entered to EPi data version 3.1 and transferred to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. To identify determinants of first line anti-retroviral treatment failure, multivariate analysis with P-value <0.05 was done. Results: A total of 115 cases and 345 controls were included in the study. Baseline CD4 measure (AOR [95% CI] = 3.96 [1.84, 8.54]), regimen change due to drug stock out (AOR [95% CI] = 2.54 [1.38, 4.66]), treatment interruption (AOR [95% CI] = 5.09 [2.39, 10.82]), adverse effect of drug (AOR [95% CI] = 8.49 [1.87, 38.42]) and History of opportunistic infection (AOR [95% CI] = 2.15 [1.28, 3.64] were independently associated with first line antiretroviral treatment failure. Conclusion: Intervention for First line antiretroviral treatment failure needs to emphasize on regimen change due to drug stock out, treatment interruption, history of opportunistic infection, adverse effect of drug and base line CD4 <50cell/µ.

Background: Inappropriate and overuse of antimicrobial drugs by healthcare professionals are a global concern. Exploring healthcare professionals' consciousness on antimicrobial resistance is important to advance the approaches to improve antibiotic use. Hence, the aim of the current study was to assess the level of healthcare professionals' consciousness towards antimicrobial resistance and its control measures.Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire to all healthcare professionals from May to June, 2017. Data were entered into Epi info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. The knowledge and belief scores were summarized using descriptive statistics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to test the association, which was considered statistically significant if P-value < 0.05.Results : From 269 healthcare professionals participated in the study, 58% were males with a mean age of 31.9 + 7.5 years and 76.6% were degree holders. Most of them were nurses (36.4%) and physicians (24.9%). The median knowledge and belief scores of healthcare professionals on antimicrobial resistance were 35 (range 23-83) and 29 (range 13-47), respectively. Forty seven percent of participants had poor belief score. A correlation test between knowledge and belief scores revealed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.551; P = 0.01). Hospital setting (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 4.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.39-9.06; P < 0.001; and AOR: 3.62; 95% CI: 1.76-7.44; P < 0.001) and training (AOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.23-0.83; P < 0.05; and AOR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.06-0.25; P < 0.001) had significantly associated with good knowledge and belief scores, respectively.Conclusions : More than half of healthcare professionals had good knowledge and belief scores on antimicrobial resistance. Prior training experience, type and setting of health institutions were significantly associated with both knowledge and belief scores. Hence, regular comprehensive educational training on antimicrobial resistance is recommended for healthcare professionals working on healthcare institutions.

Objective: This study assessed mothers satisfaction towards delivery Services and its associated factors at public Hospitals found in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia, from March 1 to April 15/2018. Result : This study finding showed that the overall satisfaction level of mothers towards delivery service was 82.1%. Those Mother’s who planned their pregnancy were 4.93 times more satisfied with delivery service than those who did not planned (AOR: 4.93; 95% CI: 2.172-11.208). The odds of satisfaction for women who had pain management were 1.56 times higher than those who did not. Moreover, Gestational age at birth for pre-term and full term [(AOR: 0.027; 95% CI: 0.003-0.254), (AOR: 0.067; 95 % CI: 0.011-0.401)], means of transportation (use of Ambulance) (AOR: 3.785; 95% CI: 1.24-11.51) and stay in hospital (AOR: 0.10, 95% CI 0.01, 0.93) were the significant predictors of mother’s satisfaction with delivery service at the study area. Therefore notable attention should be given to those factors as they may influence the future utilization of service.