This review is concern on dairy trade in Ethiopia, current scenario and way forwards for enhancing dairy investment of Ethiopia. Consumers in Ethiopia come to be through formal and informal marketing system. The country spent over 678.75 million birrs to import various products of milk from 2006-2010 and the expenditure for powdered milk accounted for 79.6%, followed by cream, 12.9% and cheese 4.3%. Milk and its products market have changed significantly with strong global growth stemming in from the presence of evermore consumers in developing countries. To achieve the demand of milk and milk products in Ethiopia, it should be improve the genetic potential of dairy animal/cow-this could be through put in on genetic improvement on dairy animals, encouraging forage and fodder production and trade, establish agro-processing oil crops and use of by-products for animal feed, improving the productive, reproductive and weight gain performance of crossbreds, through enhanced provision of animal health services and better feed.

The current problems in the world are variation/declining of rainfall, shortage of feed and water, incidence of disease and rising of temperature, these are come about because of climate change. So, the objective of this review is to appraisal the impact of climate change on smallholder dairy production and coping mechanism in sub-Saharan Africa. Climate change is a long-term and significant change in the expected patterns of a specific region's average weather for an appropriately significant period of time caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases (gases facilitate for climate change are CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O) in the atmosphere which leads to global warming. Africa has been identified as one of the parts of the world most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Though climate change affect livestock production directly and indirectly, can be mitigate through adaptation measures involve production and management system modifications, breeding strategies, institutional and policy changes, science and technology advances, and changing farmers' perception, manure management, shifting dietary and reducing enteric methane production.

This study was conducted with the objective to determine the physiochemical characteristics of Tigray honey (n= 38) and to compare the quality honey of Tigray with those described in the Quality Standard Authority of Ethiopia, Codex Standard and European Honey Directive. Honey samples were collected from traditional hives (n =19) and modern hives (n=19) production systems. Physiochemical characteristics evaluated were: color, moisture, reducing sugar, sucrose, acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), mineral content, pH, water insoluble solids and specific gravity. All parameters were analyzed following the techniques proposed by the Codex Standard for Honey. A statistical analysis using GMP5 soft ware was utilized to determine the differences in quality between honey from traditional and modern hive production systems. The average content of mineral, moisture, acidity, invert sugar, pH, sucrose, specific gravity and water insoluble solids in traditional hive honey samples were 22%, 18.25%, 29.89 meq kg -1 , 70.95%, 4.13, 2.37%, 1.41 and 0.07%, respectively. On the other hand, the corresponding values for honey samples from modern hive production system were 0.18%, 18.60%, 29.12meqkg -1 , 71.42 %, 4.04, 2.71%, 1.40, and 0.03%, respectively. Consequently, no significant differences (p> 0.05) were found in all the quality parameters except for water insoluble solids. The mean value for HMF was 11.18 mgkg -1 for the processed honey and the color of the honey varied from white to amber with light amber (55.26%) being the predominant color of the honey in Tigray. All the honey samples met the Codex Standard, QSAE and EU physiochemical quality Standard limits for honey except water insoluble solids in traditional hive production system. Water insoluble solids were found in 26.32% of the samples examined which will have to be improved through intensive training and experience sharing.

The study was carried out in Hadiya zone to asses honey production systems, challenges and opportunities in the study area. A total of 196 farmers were selected randomly and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. The result shows most (90.7%) of the beekeepers in the study area have owned only traditional beehives. The average honey yield from traditional, transitional and frame hive was 3.04 ±0.92, 4.9±1.12 and 8.2±2.62 kg/year/hive respectively. There was significance difference (P<0.05) in honey yield per hive/year from traditional hives while there was no significant difference observed (P>0.05) transitional and moveable frame hive between Woredas. Pesticides and herbicides application, shortage of bee forage, presence of pests and predators and shortage of water were found to be the most important constraints of beekeeping in the study area. Despite all the constraints, there is a great potential to increase the production and quality of honey in the district. Strong extension and technical intervention, proper pesticides application, establishing beekeepers cooperative and enhancing bee forage plantation through introducing multi-purpose trees should be encouraged to increase honey production and income of beekeepers in the study area.

The objective of this paper is to review the reproductive performance and wastage in large ruminants (cow) in Ethiopia. Though the number of female cattle in Ethiopia is high (55.38% (32.0 million)), the production and reproductive performance (crucial factor) needs to be improved. For modern dairy industry, reproductive performance is the most important to determine the efficiency of dairy cattle. Even though, age at first service, age at first calving, day's open, calving interval and number of services per conception are the most factors; management and cowlevel factors also determine the reproductive performance of dairy cow. The indigenous cattle of age at first service, age at first calving and calving interval is 34.4±2.28 to 56.16±7.56 months, 33.9 to 57.69±1.11months and 13.59±0.26 to 26.04 months, respectively. There is wastage of reproductive due to environmental, genetic, disease and management factors. So, to improve the productivity and production of native breeds, detail understanding of current performance, identifying challenges and opportunities with the causal factors is very important.