No abstract

Dynamic grid emission factors provide a temporally resolved signal about the carbon intensity of electricity generation in the power system. Since actual carbon dioxide emission measurements are usually lacking, such a signal has to be derived from systemspecific emission factors combined with power generation time series. We present a bottom-up method which allows deriving per country and per technology emission factors for European countries based on power generation time series and reported emissions from the European emissions trading mechanism. The resulting values for historical per country carbon intensity of electricity generation are compared with corresponding results from a top-down approach, which uses statistical data on emissions and power generation on national scales. All calculations are based on publicly available data, so that the analysis is transparent and the method can be replicated, adjusted and expanded in a flexible way.