Nanotechnology deals with the synthesis of materials and particles at nanoscale with dimensions of 1–100 nm. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles, using microbes and plants, is the most proficient method in terms of ease of handling and reliability. Core objectives of this study were to synthesize metallic nanoparticles using selenium metal salt from citrus fruit extracts, their characterization and evaluation for antimicrobial activities against pathogenic microbes. In methodology, simple green method was implicated using sodium selenite salt solution and citrus fruit extracts of Grapefruit and Lemon as precursors for synthesizing nanoparticles. Brick red color of the solution indicated towards the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Nanoparticle’s initial characterization was done by UV–Vis Spectrophotometry and later FTIR analysis and DLS graphs via Zetasizer were obtained for the confirmation of different physical and chemical parameters of the nanoparticles. Different concentrations of SeNPs were used for antimicrobial testing against E. coli, M. luteus, B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae comparative with the standard antibiotic Ciprofloxacin. SeNPs possessed significant antimicrobial activities against all the bacterial pathogens used. Conclusively, SeNPs made from citrus fruits can act as potent antibacterial candidates.

A survey was conducted to evaluate the level of awareness among M. Phil Biotechnology students. The central idea of this study was to establish the understanding of Colorectal Cancer among M. Phil Biotechnology Students of IMBB, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan.

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Cancer of colon and rectum is collectively called Colorectal Cancer (CRC). It is considered as the second most lethal cancer after lung cancer. One of the symptoms of CRC is rectal bleeding. A survey was conducted to evaluate the level of awareness among M. Phil Biotechnology students. The key idea of this survey was to develop understanding about this deadly disease. A questionnaire consisting of 15 basic questions about CRC was developed. Total 37 students filled the questionnaire; 31 were females while 6 were males. Results clearly demonstrated the unawareness of the students towards this lethal CRC. In the first section about causative agents; 78% of the students answered that CRC is a bacterial disease. Next portion was about the victims of CRC in your surroundings; more than 95% of students never witnessed any case of CRC in their family or vicinity. 3rd category was about transmission route of CRC; according to 38% of students, CRC can be transferred from affected parents to offspring and in the last section which was about possible treatments of CRC; 97% students answered that CRC can be treated with medication only while 68% answered that there is a need of surgical treatment for CRC. Therefore, it is very important to spread awareness among people.