DECT using the 3 generation CT scanners is highly sensitive in the determination of urinary calculi composition which will be very helpful to the treating surgeon in selecting the optimal modality of treatment as UA stones are amenable to medical therapy while most of the non-UA stones require surgical intervention.

Three case reports of a rare congenital anomaly “limb-body wall complex” also known as “body stalk syndrome” are presented with prenatal ultrasonographic diagnostic features, immediate after delivery evaluation, and histopathologic analysis.

in which patients attending / admitted in the Department of E.N.T., with cancer of head and neck, were assessed for lymph node metastasis (at different levels). 16 patients, all cases of squamous cell carcinoma head and neck, underwent appropriate neck dissections. The patients were examined clinically as well as with ultrasonography for detection of various enlarged lymph nodes at different levels. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were done, wherever indicated. Patients were subjected to fine needle aspiration cytology in cases of palpable lymph nodes. The removed lymph nodes were examined histopathologically. Results: The findings of clinical, radiological and histopathological studies were compared. We concluded that clinical palpation should be supplemented by ultrasonography in every case of head and neck cancer. However, since computed tomography picks up lymph nodes missed by ultrasonography in a significant number, is important in imaging primary tumour and picks up necrosis and extracapsular spread at the most, it should be included in each case of head and neck cancer. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging being equivalent to computed tomography in picking up the nodes, but lagging behind the criteria such as picking up of nodal necrosis and extra capsular spread of lymph nodes, and is too costly, so may be included as an imaging modality wherever computed tomography is contraindicated.

Background: Placental thickness (PT) is the easiest placental dimension to measure, yet little is known about the normal PT. The aim of this study was to determine the normal, sonographically measured PT in millimetre (mm) in the second trimester and to determine if this measurement can be adjusted for gestational age for that time and evaluate its relationship with femur length and biparietal diameter of the fetus.Methods: The study was a cross sectional observational study, recruiting 100 consecutive, singleton pregnancies, reporting for ultrasonography (USG) between 14 weeks and 24 weeks of gestation, having undergone at least one ultrasonogram in the first trimester, with known last menstrual period (LMP). The placental thickness was measured perpendicular to the uterine wall, through the placenta at the site of cord insertion.Results: The average age of study population was 24.96 with a standard deviation (SD) of 2.70 years with the minimum age being 18 years and maximum age being 32 years. Regression analysis yielded the following mathematical relationships between PT, Gestational age (GA), Biparietal diameter (BPD) and Femur length (FL) in the second trimester. Y(PT)= 0.9366x (Gestation age)+1.655, R2 = 0.7332; Y(PT)= 0.2872x(BPD)+6.9578, R2= 0.7314; Y(PT)=0.2995x(FL)+ 10.03, R2 = 0.6186Conclusions: PT in present study showed a positive linear correlation with gestational age, FL and BPD in second trimester. Also, it can be concluded that PT may be used as a predictor of GA in women with unknown LMP.

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