The application of barrier membranes in guided bone regeneration (GBR) has become a commonly used surgical technique in periodontal research. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on two different collagenous coatings (nano electrospun fibrous vs. solid wall) of bilayered collagen/chitosan membrane and their histological evaluation on bone regeneration in rabbit calvarial defects. It was found that chitosan-nano electrospun collagen (CNC) membranes had higher proliferation/metabolic activity compared to the chitosan-collagen (CC) and pristine chitosan membranes. The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated the CNC membranes induced significant expression of osteogenic genes (Osteocalcin, RUNX2 and Col-α1) in MSCs. Moreover, higher calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity of MSCs were observed compared to the other groups. Histologic and histomorphometric evaluations were performed on the uncovered (negative control) as well as covered calvarial defects of ten adult white rabbits with different membranes (CNC, CC, BioGide (BG, positive control)) at 1 and 2 months after surgery. More bone formation was detected in the defects covered with CNC and BG membranes than those covered by CC and the negative control. No inflammation and residual biomaterial particles were observed on the membrane surface or in the surrounding tissues in the surgical areas. These results suggest that bilayer CNC membrane can have the potential for use as a GBR membrane material facilitating bone formation.

In periodontics, osteoconductive biodegradable guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes with acceptable physico-mechanical properties are required to fix alveolar bone defects. The objectives of the present study were to produce and characterize a novel co-polyester—poly (butylene succinate-co-glycolate) (PBSGL), and fabricate a PBSGL membrane by electrospinning. We then aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of the glycolate ratio on the biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and evaluate in vivo bone regeneration using these membranes in rabbit calvarial defects by histology. Increasing the glycolate ratio of electrospun PBSGL membranes resulted in better cell attachment, greater cell metabolic activity, and enhanced osteogenic potential at both transcriptional and translational levels. Histologic and histomorphometric evaluations revealed further that bone defects covered with fibers of higher glycolate ratios showed more bone formation, with no adverse inflammatory response. These results suggest that novel PBSGL electrospun nanofibers show great promise as GBR membranes for bone regeneration.

The tissue-engineered graft consisting of chitosan + fibroblast was applied to gingival augmentation procedures and generated keratinized tissue without any complications usually associated with donor-site surgery.

The regeneration of periodontal support is a main concern in periodontal therapy. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of Er, Cr:YSGG laser and EDTA based conditioning in attachment of fibroblast on root surfaces. This in vitro study was conducted on 81 root plates (6 mm × 4 mm × 1 mm) prepared from 27 single-rooted human mature teeth. The samples were divided into three groups: (1) Er, Cr: YSGG laser conditioning with a G6 tip (2.78 µm, 0.75 W, pulse duration of 140 µs, repetition rate of 20 Hz) for 5-7 s; (2) EDTA conditioning (17%, pH: 8) for 1 min; and (3) the control group which were exposed neither to EDTA nor laser. The viability and proliferation rates assessments were performed using MTT assay on days 3 and 5. In addition, the level of cell attachment was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The data indicated Er, Cr:YSGG conditioning increased cell viability by lapse of time (from days 3-5), with significantly better cell attachment compared to the other groups on days 3 and 5 (P < 0.05). In addition, increasing cell attachment in the EDTA conditioning group compared with the control group was statistically significant on day 5 but not on day 3 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Er, Cr:YSGG laser conditioning can promote enhance fibroblast attachment on dentinal root surfaces more than EDTA.

Indeed, both Er, Cr:YSGG laser and ultrasonic scaling may promote fibroblast attachment on dentinal root surfaces more than laser or ultrasonic scaling alone.