Introduction. Neurofeedback (NF) is an adjuvant or alternative therapy for children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study intended to compare the efficacy of two different NF protocols on clinical and cognitive symptoms of ADHD. Materials and Methods. In this clinical trial, sixty children with ADHD aged 7 to 10 years old were randomly grouped to receive two different NF treatments (theta suppression/beta enhancement protocol and theta suppression/alpha enhancement protocol). Clinical and cognitive assessments were conducted prior to and following the treatment and also after an eight-week follow-up. Results. Both protocols alleviated the symptoms of ADHD in general (p < 0.001), hyperactivity (p < 0.001), inattention (p < 0.001), and omission errors (p < 0.001); however, they did not affect the oppositional and impulsive scales nor commission errors. These effects were maintained after an eight-week intervention-free period. The only significant difference between the two NF protocols was that high-frequency alpha enhancement protocol performed better in suppressing omission errors (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The two NF protocols with theta suppression/beta enhancement and theta suppression/alpha enhancement have considerable and comparable effect on clinical symptoms of ADHD. Alpha enhancement protocol was more effective in suppressing omission errors.

Introduction:The response disinhibition is one of the most common problems in post-stroke patients. Many studies have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation could improve cognitive impairments by increasing the cortical excitability. Aim:The present study was performed to investigate the effect of two protocols of direct transcranial electrical stimulation with cognitive rehabilitation in patients with stroke. Method:The research method was quasi-experimental with a control group. From the population of stroke patients in 2016, 32 people (including 21 men and 11 women aged 40 to 65 years) were selected by purposive sampling method based on including and excluding criteria. All subjects in the study groups underwent Fruit Ninja task training as cognitive rehabilitation and transcranial direct current stimulation and were evaluated by continuous performance, flanker and target stop tasks. Findings were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS-22. Results:The results showed that the group that receiving stimulation with unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS along with computerized cognitive rehabilitation in comparison to groups with unihemispheric tDCS with & without computerized cognitive rehabilitation & sham stimulation, showed a significant improvement in response inhibition function (P≤0.05). Also, at 8-weeks follow-up, the unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS along with computerized cognitive rehabilitation group continued to show better functions in response inhibition tasks than other groups (P≤0.05). Conclusion:The present results show that the simultaneous use of transcranial stimulation along with cognitive rehabilitation has an effective role in improving cognitive deficits.

Background: Undernutrition is the most common cause of growth retardation in developing countries. We aimed to assess the effect of undernutrition on cognition, intelligence quotient, and impulsivity index of 7-11 year-old children in Shiraz, southern Iran. Objectives: Our objective was to determine the association between chronic moderate undernutrition and poor Intelligence Quotient and Impulsivity Index. Patients and Methods:In this case-control study, two groups of school-aged children with the mean age of 9 ± 0.98 years were enrolled. After controlling the confounding variables, 24 children with moderately chronic undernutrition (group 1) were compared to 17 normal children (group 2). We selected children based on growth parameters, evaluation of intensity, history, and by excluding underlying diseases. Intelligence quotient and draw-a-person tests were performed. We described data as mean and standard deviations, and used the t test for independent groups. Data was analyzed using SPSS software, version 11.5. Significance level was considered as 5%. Results: Only P5 (omissions) and P7 (relativities) parameters in the DAP test were significantly different. The Mean ± SD in the undernourished and normal groups were respectively 0.91 ± 0.28, 0.70 ± 0.46 for p5 (P = 0.030), and 0.64 ± 0.49, 0.35 ± 0.49 for p7 (

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