Aim: To assess the frequency of thrombocytopenia and associated mortality in neonates with neonatal sepsis. Methodology: This descriptive study was designed to identify the frequency of thrombocytopenia in neonates and conducted at Nazir Hussain Medical Complex KKF Hospital Hyderabad from 1st September 2022 to 28th February 2023 after ethical clearance through the institutional review committee. This study enrolled 190 neonates which were admitted in NICU with the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. All those neonates under 28 days of age and having a positive blood culture reports were included. A 3cc whole blood was drawn from each neonate by a nursing staff in a single pick and blood test including haematological markers (haemoglobin, platelet count) and infection markers (white blood cells, neutrophil%, Lymphocyte%, C-reactive proteins and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) were analyzed. Results: There were 60% male neonates while rest 40% were females. About 44.78% had a weight between 2.5-3.5kg. The mean platelet count was 182.95±156 x109/L whereas lymphocytes% mean value was 41.81±11.0% with a very high ESR reported as 21.08±14.2mm/hour. The frequency of thrombocytopenia was observed in 129(67.89%) neonates wherein it was observed as severe in 35(18.4%) neonates and the frequency of mortality was observed as fourfold increased in the cases of thrombocytopenia. Practical Implication: Factors like age, low birth weight, platelet count and severity of thrombocytopenia are related with outcomes of neonatal sepsis among neonates. Conclusion: There is a high frequency of thrombocytopenia within the cases of neonatal sepsis. The mortality is higher in cases with severe thrombocytopenia. Keywords: Frequency, Thrombocytopenia, Associated mortality, neonate, neonatal sepsis

Aim: To estimate the nutritional status for nutritional rickets identification in children <5 years of age. Study design: Prospective study Place and duration of study: Memon Hospital Hyderabad from 1st February 2022 to 31st January 2023. Methodology: One hundred children under the age of 5 were enrolled. Nutritional rickets diagnosis was based on clinical and biochemical examination followed by radiological imaging. The radiological X-ray was used for identifying spraying, fraying, cupping and widening of wrist presence. A 2cc blood of each patient was withdrawn and test for the levels of 25(OH) vitamin D3, serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) through Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay and calorimetric method respectively. For each patient a food frequency chart was fulfilled which included their breast feeding, supplementation, cerelac and cow milk diet intake as well as intake of other dairy products. Results: Radiological assessment of present study showed that cupping was the most prominent determinant followed by wrist widening and splaying in all age groups. In present study, rural participants are more exposed to sun light as compared to urban participants. Biochemical analysis revealed that means calcium, ALP and vitamin D levels was lower in almost every age group. Food frequency chart proved, 66% of the children were on breastfeeding but only 34% of the patients were taking supplements along with breastfeeding. Practical Implication: supplementation and adequate awareness are the key elements that can prove substantial in improving the vitamin D status in developing regions of the world. Conclusion: Majority of the children of present study were vitamin D and calcium deficient. Keywords: Rickets, Vitamin D, Calcium, Sunlight

Background: Patients worldwide are affected by diabetes mellitus (DM), one of the most frequent diseases in the world. Various organs and systems in the body are affected by diabetic complications, which can be either microvascular or macrovascular in nature. Finding out and preventing these variables is critical to improving the quality of life for diabetics. Objective: To assess the poor glycemic control and its association with affected factors it in our diabetes population. Material and Methods: This Observational study was conducted on 80 patients in the Department of Pediatric (Unit II), Liquate University Hospital, Jamshoro/Hyderabad for six months from 1st January to 30th June 2021. Diabetic children between the ages of 1 and 15 who had Type-1DM and were on insulin therapy at LUMHS Hospital Jamshoro/Hyderabad were eligible for inclusion. Using a pre-tested structured questionnaire, we asked particular questions of each child after they had been inspected and their family history was gathered. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 Results: A total of 80 patients were enrolled in this study. Table: 1 shows the age and gender profile of the children. The most of the children were in the age group 5 to 12 years, with a p-value of 0.0001. As demonstrated in Table 2, the Subject had Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Fatigability and weight loss due to Diabetic ketoacidosis, the prevalence of consanguinity in the family, average monthly earnings, and the cost of insulin and glucose control. Table 3 shows weight and height. Graph I (p=0.0001) reveal that 14 (17.5%), 17 (21.2%), and 49 (61.2%) participants had good, fair, or poor glycemic control, respectively. Conclusion: Uncontrolled diabetes and complications are linked to poor insulin adherence, which is the mainstay of treatment. It is suggested that this topic be explored further. Keywords: Factors affecting, Glycemic Control, Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus, Complications, Insulin

Background A significant public health issue, malnutrition affects 50 to 150 million children under the age of five globally. An increase in morbidity and mortality has been linked to malnutrition, a serious public health problem. Aim: To determine whether malnourished children under the age of five with or without diarrhea have electrolyte disturbances in their serum. Methodology: 100 malnourished children under the age of five were randomly selected from Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro/Hyderabad. It took place between January 2019 and December 2020. They were malnourished in varying degrees, with or without diarrhea. Their histories, examinations, and measurements were used to divide them into two groups: 56 malnourished patients with diarrhea and 44 malnourished patients without diarrhea. In both groups, serum electrolytes were compared and data were analyzed in SPSS version 21. Results: According to electrolyte findings, group A had more hyponatremia and hypokalemia than group B. respectively. 43 patients (79.6%) in group A had hyponatremia, but 36 in group B (78.2%). Hypokalemia affected 27 patients (50.0%) in group A, but 10 (21.7%) of those in group B (p-value 0.02). Conclusion: Electrolyte changes were common in moderately and severely malnourished children, particularly those who presented with diarrhea. Morbidity and mortality can be reduced if these changes are detected in time. Keywords: Malnutrition, Diarrhoea, Electrolyte imbalances