Purpose To develop a novel approach to monitor lung ventilation/inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Lung assessment in CF patients is relevant given that most patients succumb to respiratory failure. Respiratory functional tests (forced expiratory volume in the first second; FEV1) and inflammatory markers are used to test pulmonary ventilation/inflammation, respectively. However, FEV1 is effort dependent and might be uncomfortable for CF patients. Furthermore, inflammatory marker detection is costly and not rapid. To overcome these limitations, we propose the measurement, by means of low field nuclear magnetic resonance, of the spin‐spin relaxation time (T2m) of water hydrogens present in CF patient sputum. In CF sputum, different biological components are pathologically increased and inversely related to lung functionality. Moreover, we showed that these components alter in a dose‐dependent manner the T2m in synthetic CF sputum. Methods Sputum samples were obtained from 42 CF subjects by voluntary expectoration; FEV1, C‐reactive protein (CRP), blood neutrophil counts together with cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐4, and vascular endothelial growth factor) quantifications were then evaluated. Results In sputum samples, we observe that T2m directly correlates (rFEV1 = 0.44; P < 10−4; 169 samples) with FEV1. Moreover, T2m inversely correlates with the circulating inflammation markers CRP/neutrophil number (rCRP = −0.44, P < 10−4; rNC = −0.37, P < 2 * 10−4; 103 and 86 samples, respectively) and with the sputum inflammatory cytokines TNFα/IL‐β1 (rTNFα = −0.72, P < 10−4; rIL‐1β = −0.685, P < 10−4; 27 samples). T2m variations also correspond to FEV1 values over time in defined patients. Conclusion These findings, together with the fast, reliable, and simple determination of T2m, make our approach a novel tool potentially usable in the real world of CF patients.

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BackgroundThe simultaneous occurrence of Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is an exceptional event: there are just three case reports (two children and a 51 years old man) describing males affected by both KS and 21OHD (21-hydroxylase deficiency) CAH, the first causing androgen deficiency, the latter leading to androgen excess.Case reportWe report the 4th case of association of KS and CAH in a young man with CAH with good androgen control and with normal secondary sex characteristics, whose Klinefelter syndrome was diagnosed because of reduced testicular volume. He was the first reported case of association of KS and CAH who started androgen replacement therapy in the pubertal age and whose pubertal development was described and followed up step by step.ConclusionIn a boy with CAH and small testicular volume, it’s important to consider that hypogonadism may be masked by the adrenal androgens excess and a karyotype should be performed once testicular adrenal rests have been ruled out.

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, bone abnormalities, progressive cytopenia, and predispositions to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML, in these patients, is associated with a poor prognosis and with an increased risk of organ toxicity and infectious complications from chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), thus leading to high rates of treatment-related morbidity and mortality. The BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax has revolutionized the treatment of AML in elderly adults, especially for treatment-naive elderly patients who are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. There is limited evidence on the use of venetoclax in pediatric patients with SDS-related MDS or AML. Here, we report a case of a 14-year-old boy with SDS with AML arising from MDS. The patient was treated with two cycles of conventional chemotherapy with fludarabine and cytarabine with an initial good response but immediate relapse and substantial toxicity. Treatment with venetoclax and azacitidine was started, with a substantial reduction of leukemic burden (good response on peripheral leukemic infiltration and partial response in the bone marrow after one course). However, it was followed by multiple infectious complications and worsening of the general condition not allowing treatment to be continued, and the patient eventually died from multiorgan failure. With the limitations of observation of a single patient, our experience suggests that venetoclax/azacitidine combination therapy may represent a therapeutic possibility for patients with SDS and AML, even though it may be associated with significant toxicity.

A toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was eventually diagnosed in a four-year-old girl who attended the Emergency Department with a clinical picture suggestive of scarlet fever. The present paper briefly discusses the therapeutic approach to TSS.