The midge Chironomus riparius is distributed all over the Palearctic region and is well characterized both at the morphological and cytogenetic levels. Here we describe a population study based on the insertional polymorphism of the retroposon NLRCth1, by means of a S-SAP (sequence-specific amplification polymorphism) derived technique (transposon insertion display; TID). While a previous study of allozyme polymorphism in Russian samples showed little variability, all the amplicons we identified are polymorphic. Genetic distances between 6 natural populations were calculated according to Nei and did not show a positive correlation with geographic distances. The genetic diversity detected among individuals of a given population was one order of magnitude higher than that among populations. However, the value of phi(ST) was significant (p < 0.001) and indicates that natural populations are more genetically differentiated than random samples of individuals.

Structural aberrations, their frequency and distribution as well as distribution of the tandem repetitive minisatellite DNA clusters of Alu and Hinf elements and two retroelements, the LINE NLRCth1 and the SINE CTRT1, were analyzed in the genome of the chironomid C. piger Strenzke larvae from a Bulgarian population. A consistent somatic variability in the structure of the polytene chromosomes was detected, showing that the C. piger genome is more actively rearranging than supposed before. Breakpoints were concentrated in proximal parts of chromosomes significantly more often than in distal parts. By FISH analysis we could detect only one locus containing Alu elements and 38 Hinf cluster loci which appear to be dispersed equally all over the chromosomes. The retrotransposons NLRCth1 and CTRT1 are present only in a few loci, but highly variant among different individuals. The mean number of NLRCth1 sites per individual was 18.4 +/- 2.09 and of CTRT1 was 54.8 +/- 8.42. A third of breakpoint locations were close to or coincide with a locus occupied by a retroelement (either NLRCth1 or CTRT1). Nineteen percent of breakpoints coincided with Hinf repetitive DNA elements. Some breakpoints were identical in the two sibling species C. piger and C. riparius Meigen (syn.: C. thummi thummi) and are considered as conserved hot spots of chromosome breakage.

The dipteran Chironomus riparius is found across the entire Palearctic region; its larvae are among the most abundant macroinvertebrates inhabiting inland waterbodies. Chironomid larvae have been extensively used in ecotoxicological and cytogenetic research, but relatively little is known on the population structure of this species. Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that are capable of autonomous replication; the number and genomic location of TE insertions varies across individuals; this variability is increasingly being used in population studies. Several TEs had been characterized in Chironomids; this enabled the analysis of insertional variability of four different TEs in six natural populations of C. riparius from Italy, Bulgaria and Russia using a PCR-based method, transposon insertion display (TID). The method allows to obtain dominant markers, similar to AFLP. In all populations, TE insertions showed high individual polymorphism, while median copy numbers of the same TEs did not vary between populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) detected significant differentiation between populations for three of the TEs; although no correlation between genetic and geographic distances was found, the corresponding population structures were found to be significantly correlated and indicate a degree of isolation by distance. TEs belonging to different classes have different mechanisms of replication, resulting in different transposition rates of mobilization; the finding of mostly concordant population structuring for three of the TEs indicates that population dynamics contributed significantly in shaping the detected insertional polymorphism.

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