BackgroundPrevalence rates of mental disorders are frequently increased in long-settled war refugees. However, substantial variation in prevalence rates across studies and countries remain unexplained.AimsTo test whether the same sociodemographic characteristics, war experiences and post-migration stressors are associated with mental disorders in similar refugee groups resettled in different countries.MethodMental disorders were assessed in war-affected refugees from the former Yugoslavia in Germany, Italy and the UK. Sociodemographic, war-related and post-migration characteristics were tested for their association with different disorders.ResultsA total of 854 war refugees were assessed (≥255 per country). Prevalence rates of mental disorders varied substantially across countries. A lower level of education, more traumatic experiences during and after the war, more migration-related stress, a temporary residence permit and not feeling accepted were independently associated with higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders. Mood disorders were also associated with older age, female gender and being unemployed, and anxiety disorders with the absence of combat experience. Higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were associated with older age, a lower level of education, more traumatic experiences during and after the war, absence of combat experience, more migration-related stress, and a temporary residence permit. Only younger age, male gender and not living with a partner were associated with substance use disorders. The associations did not differ significantly across the countries. War-related factors explained more variance in rates of PTSD, and post-migration factors in the rates of mood, anxiety and substance use disorder.ConclusionsSociodemographic characteristics, war experiences and post-migration stressors are independently associated with mental disorders in long-settled war refugees. The risk factors vary for different disorders, but are consistent across host countries for the same disorders.

Several years after the end of the war, the prevalence rates of mental disorders among war-affected people vary across countries but are generally high. War experiences appear to be linked to anxiety and mood disorders but not substance use disorders. Long-term policies to meet the mental health needs of war-affected populations are required.

INTRODUCTION: In the past five years, researchers have increasingly turned to the study of mental health outcomes in LGBt populations. the present paper summarizes recent literature on the relationship between minority stress experienced by sexual minorities and mental health. eViDeNce acQUisitiON: PsyciNFO, PubMed, and the eBscO Psychology and Behavioral science collection were searched for papers concerning minority stress and mental health disparities in LGBt populations, published between 1 January 2014 and 30 June 2018. all collected papers were screened using the following criteria: study involving >50 individuals; written in english; focusing on clinical outcomes of depression, suicidality, and substance use in relation to experienced minority stress. eViDeNce sYNthesis: sixty-two papers were included in this review. Findings are reported under three main headings: studies primarily focused on depression, studies concerning suicidality and suicide attempts, and papers analyzing the correlation between substance use and minority stress in LGBt populations. the included studies supported the minority stress model as a framework to better explain disparities in mental health outcomes in sexual minority populations. higher rates of depression, suicidality, and substance use are reported in LGBt populations, as are the related minority stressors analyzed. cONcLUsiONs: sexual minorities still face numerous mental health disparities. research indicates that the levels of minority stressors positively predict mental health outcomes. Specific policies designed to support the civil rights of sexual minorities may help to overcome such inequalities.

More research is required to discover the efficacy of varying containment methods, with a view to minimising their use. Gross international and inter-hospital variation demands large samples rather than single site studies. Clinicians need to reflect upon containment rates that may be, in some places, excessive and incorrectly targeted.

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