This paper proposes and implements an early warning and monitoring system for rainfall-induced landslide (named as EWM RIL) with a case study at the Nam Dan landslide (northern Vietnam). The proposed system consists of six sensor nodes and one rainfall station that are used to sense large amounts of data in real-time such as soil moisture, pore-water pressure (PWP), movement status, and rainfall. In addition, a new flexible configuration for the wireless communication system is proposed that is capable not only to save the energy consuming but also to ensure the reliability of the system. Using wireless communication system, the sensed data were sent to the computer station for analyzing and predicting the instability of the landslide in terms of factor of safety (FoS) using the finite element seepage analysis and the limit equilibrium slope stability analysis methods. These methods are available in the SEEP/W and SLOPE/W modules of the GeoStudio software. Based on the analyzing results, the system proposed three warning levels for the landslide Early, Intermediate, and Imminent. Experiment result in the rainy season from August to September 2016 has proven the validity of the EWM RIL system. The result of this study is useful for landslide risk prevention and management in landslide prone-areas.

<p>Establishment of wireless sensor network for Monitoring and Early Warning System (MEWS) of rainfall-induced landslide is still a challenging task due to problems of energy consumption. This research aim is to propose a new flexible system for the configuration of MEWS for rainfall-induced landslides. The proposed system is an integration a star topology and a tree topology, in which, the star topology is automatically used for the sensor nodes around the gateway node, whereas the tree topology is adopted for the other nodes. Consequently, the proposed configuration method is flexible and capable to save the energy consumption in the MEWS. Experiment result showed that the performance of the MEWS with the proposed method Wireless Sensor Network is better than those from the systems only use the tree topology or the star topology. The result of this study is useful for designing WSN for MEWS of rainfall-induced landslides.</p>

Vietnam is a country heavily influenced by climate change. The effect of climate change leads to a series of dangerous phenomena, such as landslides. Landslides occur not only in the mountainous province, but also in Delta provinces, where hundreds of landslides are reported annually in the NorthWestern provinces of Vietnam. These events have catastrophic impact to the community as well as the economy. In mountainous areas, the conditions for landslides to occur are met frequently, especially after heavy rains or geological activity, causing harm to the community as well as damaging or destroying much needed infrastructure and key transport routes. However, in Vietnam, investment in mountainous regions has been often lower than in urban areas. The meteorology monitoring and forecasting systems are ill equipped and overloaded, so they cannot deliver earlier and more accurate forecasts for complex weather events, unable to provide timely warnings. It can be seen that in countries that landslide often occur, researchers have been trying to develop low cost and efficient landslide detection system. This paper precisely addressed the problems mentioned, by designing and implementing an efficient and reliable Landslide Monitoring and Early Warning (LMnE) system based on the 3G/2G mobile communication system, and a rain gauge at the field site along with a carefully FEM (finite element method) simulation using the rain density information on the server. The system uses advanced processing algorithms combining obtained data at the central station.

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