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» An osteochondral fracture (OCF) of the patella or the femur is a frequent sequela after an episode of acute patellofemoral instability.» Patients commonly present with anterior knee pain after direct trauma to the patella or a noncontact twisting injury.» Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most common imaging modalities that are used to diagnose OCFs.» Arthroscopy may be indicated in cases of displaced OCFs, and the decision regarding osteochondral fragment fixation or loose body removal depends on fragment size, location, and extent of injury.» Most of the current literature suggests worse outcomes for patients with OCFs who undergo nonoperative treatment, no significant differences in outcomes for patients sustaining an acute patellar dislocation with or without an OCF, and inconclusive results concerning outcomes for patients treated with loose body removal compared with fixation.» Current outcome data are limited by studies with low levels of evidence; therefore, well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed.

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Background: Socioeconomic factors, such as insurance status, have been shown to affect outcomes following emergency injuries. Dual-eligible bene ciaries, receiving both Medicare and Medicaid, constitute a vulnerable population. There is a lack of data on the impact of dual-eligible status on hemorrhagic stroke outcomes. The aim of our study was to compare hemorrhagic stroke outcomes among dualeligible patients compared to Medicare, Medicaid, privately insured, and no charge (free or charity) patients.Study Design: We conducted a 10-year span retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample. Adult patients who were emergently hospitalized for intracranial hemorrhage were included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders. Primary clinical outcomes of interest included mortality (in-hospital), complications (any), and favorable discharge (home/home with services).Results: A total of 410,621 patients met inclusion of which 6.8% were dual-eligible. Dual-eligibles had higher odds of in-hospital mortality compared to no-charge (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.61, 95% CI= [1.04 -2.49]) and increased odds of complications compared to ) and privately insured patients (aOR=1. 19 [1.11 -1.28]), both p<0.001. Dual-eligibles had lower odds of favorable discharge compared to all other groups (all p<0.001), and underwent shorter lengths of stay, an 18% decrease, compared to Medicaid patients (p<0.001). In ation adjusted admission costs among dualeligibles were 24% lower compared to Medicaid patients (p<0.