Abstract. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the goblet cell density (GCD) of conjunctiva in medically- GCD with OSDI and with BUT (p<0.001; respectively

Keratoconus (KC) is the most common corneal ectasia characterized by progressive corneal thinning, protrusion, and irregular astigmatism. The Amsler–Krumeich classification based on the analysis of corneal topography, corneal thickness, refraction and biomicroscopy is the most commonly used; recently, a new classification based on anterior segment Optical Coherence Tomography was introduced by Sandali and colleagues. Since there is no information about the possible agreement between these two classifications, the aim of this study is to compare the stratification of consecutive KC patients using the Amsler–Krumeich and Sandali classifications, and to further ascertain KC cases in which one classification is preferred over the other. Overall, 252 eyes of 137 patients (41.45 ± 16.93 years) were analyzed: in 156 eyes (61.9%), the Amsler and Sandali staging differed in one stage while in 75 cases (29.8%) it differed in two or more stages. In 222 eyes (88.1%), the Sandali staging was higher compared to the Amsler one. These results show that the two classifications are not fully interchangeable: the Amsler–Krumeich classification is more appropriate in identifying and longitudinally monitoring patients with early stages of KC, while the Sandali classification for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with more advanced stages, particularly when a surgical planning has to be chosen.

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Purpose: The aim of our study was to assess the variations in fusion and stereopsis before and after refractive surgery. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study. 140 patients (78 M, 62 F) were selected, aged 20 -59 years (mean age 36 ± 10 DS). All patients received a comprehensive ophtalmological and orthoptic examination. Surgery was performed using a MEL-80 excimer laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Results. Fusional convergence amplitudes after refractive eye surgery range from at near 18 -20 PD in 42 (30%) patients; 25 -30 PD in 56 (40%) patients; 35 -40 PD in 42 (30%) patients, at far 20 -25 PD in 84 (60%) patients; 30 -40 PD in 56 (40%) patients, fusional divergence at near after refractive eye surgery range from at near 6 -8 PD in 108 (75.7%) patients; 10 -12 PD in 52 (37.1%), at far 6 -8 PD in 126 (90%) patients; 10 -12 PD in 14 (10%) patients. None of the patients developed any ocular deviations. NCP, on average, decreases from 9.4 ± 1.5 cm to 9.1 ± 0.9 cm after. None of these patients with a normal NCP before surgery developed an abnormal NCP after refractive surgery. Eighteen patients (12.8%) had a stereopsis higher than 60 s of arch before surgical intervention. Of these, in 2 cases (2.8%) stereopsis increased from 200 to 40 s of arch after surgery. In the rest of patients stereopsis remained unchanged. Conclusion: The increase in fusion at near appears to be considerably interesting, whereas there is no worsening of stereopsis. A careful pre-surgery orthoptic evaluation is extremely revelant for a safe refractive surgery, this reducing the risk of complications associated with fusion and stereopsis.

Purpose: Patient with strabismus may assume a compensatory posture. Posturology treats patients with abnormal head position through the stimulation of foot, ocular and stomatognathic receptors. As an alternation of one or more receptor occurs, the tonic postural system seeks to carer for this problems by adopting compensatory postures (scoliosis, abnormalities of distribution of the podalic load, abnormal head position). The extrinsic eye muscles, the head, neck and tongue muscles arise from the occipital somites: probably this explains the relationship between the ocular misalignment and abnormal posture. The objective of this work is to evaluate the relationships between oculomotor e postural defects. Methods: N = 47 patients received a comprehensive ophthalmologic and orthoptic examination. They underwent baropodometric and stabilometric examinations. Results: Our sample group included 37 patients with exodeviation, 17 patients with esodeviation. We observed: flat foot with an incidence rate of 83.33% (25 out of 33) in exotropic subjects; pes cavus with an incidence rate of 16.66% (5 out of 30) in exotropic subjects; flat foot with an incidence rate of 23.52% (4 out of 17) in esotropic subjects; pes cavus with an incidence rate of 76.47% (13 out of 17) in esotropic subjects. Clinical physiatry observation of patients with Eso/Exo deviations prove a considerable turn-out of postural disorders: lumbar scoliosis (76.47%). Conclusions: In our sample, patients with exodeviation have flat feet (83.33%); the subjects with esodeviation have pes cavus (76.47%). However, there is a widely recognized need for a further extensive study and evaluation of the results obtained regarding binocular vision and posture.