Carbon isotopic signatures recorded in vertebrate tissues derive from ingested food and thus reflect ecologies and ecosystems. For almost two decades, most carbon isotope-based ecological interpretations of extant and extinct herbivorous mammals have used a single diet–bioapatite enrichment value (14‰). Assuming this single value applies to all herbivorous mammals, from tiny monkeys to giant elephants, it overlooks potential effects of distinct physiological and metabolic processes on carbon fractionation. By analysing a never before assessed herbivorous group spanning a broad range of body masses—sloths—we discovered considerable variation in diet–bioapatite δ13C enrichment among mammals. Statistical tests (ordinary least squares, quantile, robust regressions, Akaike information criterion model tests) document independence from phylogeny, and a previously unrecognized strong and significant correlation of δ13C enrichment with body mass for all mammalian herbivores. A single-factor body mass model outperforms all other single-factor or more complex combinatorial models evaluated, including for physiological variables (metabolic rate and body temperature proxies), and indicates that body mass alone predicts δ13C enrichment. These analyses, spanning more than 5 orders of magnitude of body sizes, yield a size-dependent prediction of isotopic enrichment across Mammalia and for distinct digestive physiologies, permitting reconstruction of foregut versus hindgut fermentation for fossils and refined mean annual palaeoprecipitation estimates based on δ13C of mammalian bioapatite.
The high diversity of Peruvian carnivore species may pose problems when deciding to which taxa and topics new research efforts should be directed. In this publication, we evaluated the research effort made on each taxa -by assessing the number of publications per species-, point out the knowledge gaps that are important to the conservation of each species and present the first evaluation of research priorities for this group of animals to the country. We registered 145 publications about Peruvian carnivores made since 1943. The number of publications is significantly different between taxa, between subjects and between ecoregions where the research was conducted. According to the proposed priority scale, the species to be studied with greater priority is Nasua olivacea and the lowest priority is for Leopardus pardalis. The results of our study highlight the urgent need to conduct research on certain species of carnivores about which there are few published data, locally and globally, and which occupy a low number of ecoregions in the country. Both the scale of research priorities and the list of knowledge gaps presented here will be useful to guide logistical and financial efforts, for individual researchers as well as for private or governmental institutions.
RESUMENSe evaluó la posible ocurrencia de Hepatozoon caimani en una población de "caimán blanco" Caiman crocodilus en un zoológico de Lima, Perú. Se colectó muestras de sangre periférica de 10 especímenes de ambos sexos y de diversas edades, clínicamente sanos y mantenidos en cautiverio en el Parque Zoológico Huachipa. Se obtuvo tres frotices de sangre por animal y fueron teñidos con May-Grunwald-Giemsa 2%. Se identificó la presencia de hemoparásitos intraeritrocitarios del género Hepatozoon, determinándose por sus aspectos morfológicos que los gamontes corresponden a H. caimani. Palabras clave: Alligatoridae, Caiman crocodilus, Hepatozoon caimani ABSTRACTThe presence of Hepatozoon caimani in a population of Caiman crocodilus in a zoo located in Lima, Peru was evaluated. Blood samples were collected from 10 specimens of both sexes and various ages. The animals were clinically healthy and kept in captivity at the "Parque Zoológico de Huachipa". Three blood smears were prepared per animal and stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa 2%. Intraerythrocitic haemoparasites of the genus Hepatozoon were identified and due to the morphological aspect they were considered to be H. caimani.
En el presente trabajo se describe al nematodo Synhimantus (Dispharynx) nasuta (Rudolphi, 1819) Chabaud, 1975 parasitando el proventrículo de dos polluelos de Pavo real (Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758) en cautiverio provenientes de Lima, Perú.Palabras clave: Synhimantus (Dispharynx) nasuta, Nematodo, Pavo real, Pavo cristatus. AbstractThe nematode Synhimantus (Dispharynx) nasuta (Rudolphi, 1819) Chabaud, 1975 parasiting the proventriculus of two chicks of Common Peafowl (Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758) in captivity from Lima, Peru is described. Los helmintos se localizan en la mucosa del proventrículo y ocasionalmente en el esófago de las aves. Los efectos del parasito en el hospedero definitivo están relacionados a la carga parasitaria (Tarazona 1999). Generalmente, la infección por Synhimantus (D.) ocasiona inflamación y presencia de ulceras en el proventrículo, lo que conlleva a un desbalance alimentario (Soulsby 1988).En el Perú, los estudios relacionados a nematodos del genero Synhimantus (D.) es escaso. Actualmente, sólo se conoce a la gallina domestica (Gallus gallus f. domestica) como hospedador definitivo para Synhimantus (D.) nasuta. Así mismo, un estudio realizado en Larus pipixcan menciona que puede actuar como hospedador para el genero Synhimantus (D.) sp. (Sarmiento et al. 1999).El presente manuscrito describe la infección por Synhimantus (Dispharynx) nasuta (Rudolphi, 1819) Chabaud, 1975, en unos pavos reales (Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758) de un zoológico de la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodosEn Noviembre del 2004 se realizó la necropsia de dos polluelos de pavo real de 35 días de edad, los cuales pertenecían a la misma nidada. Las aves provenían del Parque Zoológico Huachipa en Lima, Perú. La necropsia fue realizada siguiendo los protocolos propuestos por el parque zoológico, siendo el diagnóstico de muerte de las aves proventriculitis hemorrágica ulcerativa.Durante el examen interno del sistema digestivo se observó en el proventrículo numerosos nematodos adheridos a la mucosa (Fig. 1). Los nematodos fueron colectados y preservados en alcohol al 70% hasta su diagnóstico. Para el estudio morfológico,
El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y determinar la presencia de hemoparásitos en tortugas motelo comercializadas en el mercado de Belén, Iquitos, Perú, así como su asociación con las variables sexo, peso, hematocrito y parasitemia. Se colectaron muestras de sangre de 47 tortugas en julio de 2010. Se utilizaron las técnicas de frotis sanguíneo delgado con Giemsa, microcapilar de Woo y técnica de capa blanca o ‘Buffy coat’ para la identificación de los hemoparásitos. Se encontró la presencia de Haemogregarina sp, con una frecuencia de 74.5%, siendo de 68.8% en hembras y 86.7% en machos. Se encontraron gamontes maduros (11.09 ± 1.42 µm de longitud x 5.82 ± 0.76 µm de ancho) e inmaduros (14.85 ± 0.69 µm x 3.26 ± 0.41 µm). No se encontró diferencia significativa entre la presencia del parásito con las variables sexo, peso, hematocrito y nivel de parasitemia.
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