A series of laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the early-age strength development of lightweight self-compacting and vibrated concrete mixtures. These had been developed at Queen's University Belfast as part of a Technology Strategy Board funded project aimed at developing lightweight and low energy concretes. The new mixtures incorporated high volumes of pulverised fuel ash (PFA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and limestone powder (LSP). Activator, i.e. sodium sulphate, was used to improve the early age strength development of vibrated concrete mixtures proportioned with PFA and GGBS. For each mixture, concrete cubes were manufactured and cured under isothermal (20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C) as well as adiabatic conditions. The temperature rise under adiabatic curing conditions was also *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 2 measured. The resulting isothermal strength data were analysed to determine the apparent activation energies of the binders/mixtures used. The suitability of maturity methods for predicting concrete strength development of these low energy lightweight self-compacting and vibrated concrete mixtures under non-isothermal, i.e. adiabatic, curing was assessed.

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The selection of material is one of the important aspects used to design a building as it is known that every type of material has a different characteristic. The steel material used as the main component of building structure because of its ductility is more than another material which is the main criterion to design an earthquake resistance building. In this paper, an earthquake steel resistant structure building will be design. This building structure will consist of a five-story office with a regular structure configuration. A special moment frame (SMF) used as the resisting structure system of the earthquake loads as the amount of its load is analyzed using the spectrum response method. The steel material used is type of A36 (fy = 250 MPa; fu = 400 MPa), concrete used f’c = 30 MPa. The design process then produces an earthquake steel resistant structure building, which satisfies the requirement of story drift with a maximum number of story drift occurred in the 2nd story which is 93.5 mm less than allowed story drift that is 95 mm. A structure element dimension used is a beam with a profile of W16x7x40 for every level in the X-axis direction, and the beam with a profile is W14x6.75x38 for every level in Y-axis direction, 12 cm thick plates and column with a profile W14x16x211 is regularly used to every level.

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs) is a waste material generated from iron production, and is one of the cementitious materials that can be used to replace part of the cement in concrete. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of the water-binder ratios and levels of ggbs in concrete, with regard to the activation energy, which is needed for predicting the concrete's strength. A number of mixtures with different water-binder ratios (ranging from 0.30 to 0.51), ggbs levels, and curing temperatures were cast and tested at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days. The activation energies were determined using the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) standard C1074, and the Freiesleben Hansen and Pedersen (FHP) method. The results of the experiment showed that the apparent activation energy was relatively independent of the water-binder ratio, and mainly affected by the ggbs level in the concrete. Higher ggbs levels in the concrete resulted in the higher apparent activation energies.

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