Cystic echinococcosis is a chronic, complex and neglected zoonotic disease with considerable socioeconomic impact on the affected population. Even though Mongolia is included in the list of high cystic echinococcosis risk countries, there has been very limited research and evidence on the prevalence or prevention of cystic echinococcosis. This field-based cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis and its potential risk factors in Mongolia was conducted from April 2016 to March 2018. A total of 1,993 people were examined by ultrasound in five provinces of Mongolia. All cystic echinococcosis positive cases were classified according to the WHO-IWGE expert recommendations. The logistic regression model was used to detect the association between the presence of echinococcus infection and each potential risk factor. This was the first community survey based on ultrasound screening in Mongolia. We found 98 cystic echinococcosis cases (prevalence = 4.9%), including 85 abdominal ultrasound cystic echinococcosis positive cases and 13 abdominal ultrasound cystic echinococcosis negative cases (surgically treated cystic echinococcosis cases 11, and 2 confirmed cases of lung cystic echinococcosis by chestcomputed tomography in hospital of Ulaanbaatar). The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis varied greatly among different provinces, ranging from 2.0% to 13.1%. Children, elderly people and those with lower education had higher chances of getting cystic echinococcosis. Rather than dog ownership itself, daily practice for cleaning dog feces was associated with increased odds of cystic echinococcosis. The results of the present study show very high endemicity of cystic echinococcosis in Umnugovi province. Evaluation of potential risk factors associated with cystic echinococcosisshow high significance for following factors:

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes vaginitis and cervicitis in women and asymptomatic urethritis and prostatitis in men. Mast cells have been reported to be predominant in vaginal smears and vaginal walls of patients infected with T. vaginalis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activated by various stimuli, have been shown to regulate the transcriptional activity of various cytokine genes in mast cells. In this study, we investigated whether MAPK is involved in ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation in HMC-1 cells induced by T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP). We found that TvSP induces the activation of MAPK and NADPH oxidase in HMC-1 cells. Stimulation with TvSP induced phosphorylation of MAPK and p47phox in HMC-1 cells. Stimulation with TvSP also induced up-regulation of CD63, a marker for exocytosis, along the surfaces of human mast cells. Pretreatment with MAPK inhibitors strongly inhibited TvSP-induced ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation. Finally, our results suggest that TvSP induces intracellular ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation in HMC-1 via MAPK signaling.

The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the resulting lockdown has led to the closure of all education institutions in an effort to contain transmission of the infection and students inevitably switched to online learning.Students were faced with the new challenge of adapting to virtual lessons in order to optimize continuous education during times of crisis. We aimed to assess satisfaction level of university students with online and in-class biology course. We used a crosssectional study design, and collected data using a questionnaire. Total student satisfaction level with biology course was rated high. The instructor's online lesson teaching methods scored the highest (4.41 ± 0.089), while virtual instruction scored lower (4.24 ± 0.84). Instructors were significanly better at interaction with students, preparation of lessons, and student evaluation for in-class lessons. Therefore, instructors need to communicate better with students, improve their lessons, integrate good teaching techniques, and sustain an interactive environment during online classes.

Our country level registered communicable diseases in 2014, 45.6% of them are STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases). And 43.3% of the affected people by STD are aged between 15-24 years which demonstrated that they have more risky sexual behavior. This study aimed to identify level of prevalence of HIV and Syphilis within university students, to investigate their risky sexual behavior, and to treat them including their sexual partners. The survey included over 1,500 students for screening tests for HIV/Syphilis was performed locally using On Site TM Rapid Test Kits. Through the test not revealed any HIV case, only 40 (2.6%) students diagnosed by syphilis. Screening and confirmation tests for syphilis were performed locally using RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) and TPHA (Treponema Palladium Hem agglutination Assay), respectively. The test revealed the diagnosis for first time for 22 (55 %) of those 40 patients with syphilis and 18 (45%) are defined as the control of STD. Therefore, 28 (70%) of them manifested symptoms of STD, only 25 (89.2%) of them previously tested and 9 (32.1%) have not treated at all. The test revealed the diagnosis for first time for 22 (55 %) of those 40 patients with syphilis and 18 (45%) are defined as the control of STD. Finally, above 40 patients are entirely included in treatment with their partners and registered of STD can be controlled.