Many commercial actors in the tech sector publish ethics guidelines as a means to ‘wash away’ concerns raised about their policies. For some academics, this phenomenon is reason to replace ethics with other tools and methods in an attempt to make sure that the tech sector does not cross any moral Rubicons. Others warn against the tendency to reduce a criticism of ‘ethics washing’ into one of ethics simpliciter. In this essay, I argue firstly that the dominant focus on principles, dilemmas, and theory in conventional ethical theories and practices could be an explanation of it lacking resistance to abuse by dominant actors, and hence its rather disappointing capacity to stop, redirect, or at least slow down big tech’s course. Secondly, drawing from research on casuistry and political philosopher Raymond Geuss, this essay will make a case for a question, rather than theory or principle-based ethical data practice. The emphasis of this approach is placed on the acquisition of a thorough understanding of a social-political phenomenon like tech development. This approach should be replenished with one extra component to the picture of the repoliticized data ethics drawn so far: the importance of ‘exemplars,’ or stories. Precisely the fact that one should acquire an in-depth understanding of the problem in practice will also allow one to look in the past, present, or future for similar and comparable stories from which one can learn.
For Jeremy Bentham -the eighteenth-century philosopher, jurist, and reformer -there are three types of citizens. 1 First, there is the class of what can be called smart or expert citizens. Expert citizens have the capacity, willingness, and time to reflect on their being-in-the-world. They know, or are at least very busy in acquiring knowledge of, their relationship with the authorities that rule the environment in which they were thrown and reflect critically on whether these relationships are legitimate and just. The number of experts, however, is limited, and the public is composed of two other classes: those who primarily rely on the judgements of the experts (the 'middle'), and those who do not have the time to engage in public affairs at all (the 'many'). Though the experts have the capacity to formulate considerate judgements about, for instance, the most recent governmental policy, they do not necessarily have the information and facts on which their judgements can be build. And this is a problem, according to Bentham. Information, proper information, is needed so that the experts can do their work, which indirectly also benefits those believing in their authority: the class of citizens that like to believe the experts, and the many who are too busy keeping themselves afloat.
1I received financial support from the Dutch Research Council . I received material support for the writing of this review from Dirk-Jan Visser's 'Atelier aan de Middendijk', Usquert, the Netherlands. I thank Annemarie Balvert for her comments on an early version of this text.
Por cerca de dez anos, os governos vêm experimentando as ideias de "governo aberto" e "dados abertos". Pensa-se que estimular um governo transparente e aberto através da publicação de dados seja uma nova fase na democratização e emancipação dos cidadãos. Entusiastas de dados abertos (às vezes) argumentam que essas vantagens devem ser alcançadas por meio da disseminação de dados para 'intermediários' e não necessariamente para o cidadão comum. Grupos como jornalistas, analistas de dados e ativistas são considerados os caminhos pelos quais os dados governamentais são e devem ser transformados em informações e comunicados ao público. No regime legal de acesso às informações do governo, a noção de que os intermediários têm uma reivindicação mais premente das informações do governo parece permitir uma analogia à chamada abordagem de "vigilância pública" que o Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos adotou no artigo 10, relacionado à liberdade de expressão. O mandamento do artigo 10 pode abranger um direito limitado à informação, mas apenas para aqueles que executam essa função de fiscalização. No entanto, em muitas das leis que lidam mais diretamente com informações do governo, o critério implícito ou explícito é que qualquer pessoa tenha o mesmo acesso em princípio. Neste artigo, analisamos o papel e a função de intermediários no contexto da política holandesa de dados abertos a partir de duas perspectivas diferentes. Em nossa análise jurídica, exploramos os vínculos entre vários níveis internacionais relacionados ao direito à informação e à política de dados abertos da Holanda. Do ponto de vista da filosofia política, questionamos a distinção estabelecida entre intermediários e público em termos de divulgação de dados e informações. Até que ponto faz sentido diferenciar os cidadãos com base em sua função ou trabalho? Qual é a diferença moral entre jornalista e cidadão a esse respeito? As expectativas de acesso às informações do governo são altíssimas. Até que ponto estamos subcontratando-os?
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