Background and purpose: Thinning of the retinal combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIP) as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a common finding in patients with multiple sclerosis. This study aimed to investigate whether a single retinal OCT analysis allows prediction of future disease activity after a first demyelinating event.Methods: This observational cohort study included 201 patients with recently diagnosed clinically isolated syndrome or relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis from two German tertiary referral centers. Individuals underwent neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging, and OCT at baseline and at yearly follow-up visits. Results:Patients were included at a median disease duration of 2.0 months. During a median follow-up of 59 (interquartile range = 43-71) months, 82% of patients had ongoing disease activity as demonstrated by failing the no evidence of disease activity 3 (NEDA-3) criteria, and 19% presented with confirmed disability worsening. A GCIP threshold of ≤77 μm at baseline identified patients with a high risk for NEDA-3 failure (hazard ratio

(English) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD) is a rare demyelinating autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. MOGAD frequently manifests with severe, bilateral, and recurrent optic neuritis (ON) episodes and is an important differential diagnosis to multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. The clinical manifestations of MOGAD commonly include, besides ON, transverse myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, or brainstem encephalitis. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge of the neuro-ophthalmological presentation of MOGAD-ON. We describe epidemiological aspects, including the association with COVID-19 and other infections or vaccinations, clinical presentation, and imaging findings of MOGAD-ON in the acute stage and during remission. Furthermore, we report findings regarding prognosis, treatment response, and changes in ON-unaffected eyes. Specifically, we touch upon findings on visual acuity, visual fields, visual evoked potentials, as well as structural changes assessed with optical coherence tomography. Moreover, we elaborate on how to differentiate MOGAD from its differential diagnoses, including other neuroinflammatory disorders (multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders), but also idiopathic intracranial hypertension. (Deutsch) Die Myelin-Oligodendrozyten-Glykoprotein-Antikörper-assoziierte Erkrankung (MOGAD) ist eine seltene demyelinisierende Autoimmunerkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems. MOGAD äußert sich häufig durch schwere, bilaterale und wiederkehrende Episoden von Retrobulbärneuritis (optic neuritis, ON) und ist eine wichtige Differenzialdiagnose der Multiplen Sklerose und den Aquaporin-4-IgG-assoziierten Neuromyelitis optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen. Zu den klinischen Manifestationen von MOGAD gehören neben ON häufig transversale Myelitis, akute disseminierte Enzephalomyelitis oder Hirnstammenzephalitis. In diesem Artikel fassen wir den aktuellen Kenntnisstand der neuro-ophthalmologischen Präsentation von MOGAD-ON zusammen. Wir beschreiben epidemiologische Aspekte, einschließlich des Zusammenhangs mit COVID-19 und anderen Infektionen oder Impfungen, die klinische Präsentation und die bildgebenden Befunde von MOGAD-ON im akuten Stadium und in Remission. Darüber hinaus berichten wir über Befunde zur Prognose, zum Ansprechen auf Therapie, und zu Veränderungen bei nicht betroffenen Augen. Insbesondere diskutieren wir Befunde zu Sehschärfe, Gesichtsfeld, visuell evozierten Potentialen sowie zu strukturellen Veränderungen, die mittels optischer Kohärenztomographie untersucht werden. Darüber hinaus führen wir aus, wie sich MOGAD von anderen neuroinflammatorischen Erkrankungen (Multiple Sklerose und Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen), aber auch von idiopathischer intrakranieller Hypertonie abgrenzt.