Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has proven to be tenacious and shows that the global community is still poorly prepared to handling such emerging pandemics. Enhancing global solidarity in emergency preparedness and response, and the mobilization of conscience and cooperation, can serve as an excellent source of ideas and measures in a timely manner. The article provides an overview of the key components of risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies at the early stages in vulnerable nations and populations, and highlight contextual recommendations for strengthening coordinated and sustainable RCCE preventive and emergency response strategies against COVID-19 pandemic. Global solidarity calls for firming governance, abundant community participation and enough trust to boost early pandemic preparedness and response. Promoting public RCCE response interventions needs crucially improving government health systems and security proactiveness, community to individual confinement, trust and resilience solutions. To better understand population risk and vulnerability, as well as COVID-19 transmission dynamics, it is important to build intelligent systems for monitoring isolation/quarantine and tracking by use of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems algorithms. Experiences and lessons learned from the international community is crucial for emerging pandemics prevention and control programs, especially in promoting evidence-based decision-making, integrating data and models to inform effective and sustainable RCCE strategies, such as local and global safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and mass immunization programs.
Background: Clostridium difficile, rarely found in hospitals, is a bacterium responsible for post-antibiotic diarrhea and Pseudomembranous Colitis (CPM). C. difficile selective pressure represents potential public health problem due to the production of toxins A and B serious pathologies effects/consequences. A transversal and analytic study was to assess the risk factors of C. difficile infection and to determine the prevalence of C. difficile in patients received in randomly selected five hospitals in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methods: A total of 300 stool samples were collected from consented patients using a transversal and analytic study conducted from 10th July to 10th November 2018 in five hospitals in Cameroon. The detection or diagnostic kit was CerTest C. difficile Glutamate Dehydrogenase + Toxin A + Toxin B based on immuno-chromatographic assay. A univariate and multivariate analysis allowed us to highlight the associated factors. Results: The results showed a prevalence of C. difficile of 27.33% (82/300 stool patients'samples taken). Of these 27.33%, the production of Toxin A and Toxin B were 37.80 and 7.31% respectively. In univariate analysis, hospitalization was a significant (P = 0.01) risk factor favoring C. difficile infection. In multivariate analysis, corticosteroids and quinolones use/administration were significantly (adjusted Odd Ratio, aOR = 14.09, 95% CI: 1.62-122.54, P = 0.02 and aOR = 3.39, 95% CI: 1.00-11.34, P = 0.05 respectively) risk factor for this infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of C. difficile infections (CDI) remain high in these settings and may be related not only to permanent steroids and antibiotics. Promoting education to both medical staff and patients on the prevalence and public health impact of C. difficile can be core inimproving rationale prescription of steroids and antibiotics to patients and promote human health and exponential growth in Cameroon.
Background: Animal farming can be a potential reservoir of microbial resistance. Little data and information are documented on the prevalence and spread of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in remote and rural and semi-urban settings in developing countries. Yet, the increasing spread of antibiotics resistance either in the community or at the hospital has become a major public health problem in Cameroon. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nasal methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers among pig farmers and breeders in the West Region of Cameroon. Methods: A total of 103 nasal scraping samples were collected in four distant division of Bamboutos, Nkoung-Khi, Menoua and Mifi for microbiological, biochemical and sensitivity testing according to the standard protocol of CASFM 2018. Results: A high presence of Staphylococcus aureus of 29.13% was documented. S. aureus resistant showed 93.3%, to the ß-lactamases family, with MRSA prevalence at 27.18%. Resistance to glycopeptides (vancomycin) was 60%, macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramines mainly resistance to erythromycin 90% and clindamycin 30.6%, tetracycline 83.3%, fusidic acid 96.6% and to aminosides (tobramycin and gentamycin 76.6%). All isolated samples were sensitive to fluoroquinolones, notably to ofloxacin (80%) and to ciprofloxacin (86.6%). Conclusion: There is an urgent need to implement a robust and sustainable MRSA and AMR surveillance in curbing the growing threat locally.
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