An analytical method was developed to characterize puparia cuticular lipids (hydrocarbons, waxes) and to compare the molecular distribution patterns in the extracts from either recent or older puparia. Acid-catalyzed transesterification and solvent extraction and purification, followed by combined gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, were optimized for the determination of hydrocarbons and fatty acid ethyl esters from transesterified waxes, extracted from a single species of a fly scavenger (Hydrotaea aenescens Wiedemann, 1830). Comparison between recent (2012) or older (1997) puparia contents has highlighted significant composition differences, in particular, a general decrease of the chain length in the n-alkane distribution pattern and, on the contrary, an increase of the ester chain length. Both extracts contain traces of three hopane hydrocarbon congeners. Preliminary results evidence the change in puparia lipid composition over time, thus potentially providing new indices for estimating postmortem interval.
Une méthode permettant de dater un tir est présentée. La technique analytique est décomposée en deux étapes: d'abord un prélèvement par microextraction en phase solide (SPME) à l'intérieur du canon d'un fusil de chasse, suivi d'une analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à un détecteur à ionisation de flamme (GC/FID) ou à un spectromètre de masse (GC/MS). Des produits typiques résultant d'une combustion incomplète ont été détectés et dix d'entre eux ont été identifiés comme étant des hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques (HPA). L'analyse simultanée de quatre de ces HPA (naphtalène, 1-méthyl naphtalène, 2-méthyl naphtalène et acénaphtylène) confirme que le fusil de chasse suspecté a tiré récemment, quel que soit le couple munition-arme. L'évaluation de la date du tir est basée sur le taux d'échappement de ces HPA hors du canon du fusil. Une mesure quotidienne de l'aire du pic de naphtalène peut permettre une évaluation de la date d'un tir sous certaines conditions. Tout d'abord, l'origine des HPA sera examinée en étudiant différentes munitions. Puis, la technique analytique sera expliquée avant l'étude de différents paramètres, telles les conditions environnementales lors du tir, la longueur des canons et leur obturation, la présence de lubrifiant et enfin, le nombre de tir. ABSTRACT A procedure to estimate the time since the last gunshot is presented. The analytical technique consists of Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) sampling inside the shotgun barrel, followed by analysis using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionisation detection (GC/FID) or mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Typical products resulting from an incomplete combustion were detected and ten of them were identified as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). Simultaneous analysis for four of these PAH (naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and acenaphtylene) confirmed that the suspected firearm had been fired recently, regardless of the ammunition and firearm used. The time estimation was based on the rate of escape of these PAH from the firearm barrel. Daily monitoring of the naphthalene peak area can give an estimate of the time since the last gunshot, based on conditions after firing. First, PAH origins are examined by studying different ammunitions. Then, the developed analytical technique is explained before studying different key parameters, such as immediate environmental conditions after shooting, barrel sealing, barrel length, lubricant influence, and number of gunshots.
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