The current U.S. Army CV screening tests demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity, as did the automated tests. In addition, some current PIP tests (Dvorine, PIPC), and the CCT performed no worse statistically than the anomaloscope with regard to sensitivity/specificity. The CCT letter presentation is randomized and results would not be confounded by potential memorization, or fading, of book plates.

Abstract-The purpose of this study was to determine whether repetitive exposure to low-level blasts during military breacher training produces acute and cumulative damage to the ocular tissues or visual system. The effects of low-level blast exposure on high-contrast visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, oculomotor function, color vision, visual field (VF), pupillary light reflex, corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and cup-to-disc ratio were assessed using a battery of standard clinical ophthalmic tests administered 10 times over a 2-year period. Data from nine male breacher instructors (Cadre) were compared with data from four male breacher engineers (Control). The Cadre group showed higher vertical deviation at near than the Control group over time. The VF mean deviation on the left eye tended to be worse in the Cadre group throughout the study, suggesting a decrease in VF sensitivity (Cadre: -0.20 +/-0.15 dB; Control: 1.05 +/-0.15 dB; p = 0.03). , p = 0.03). These results suggest that even low-level primary blast has the potential to produce occult eye injury.

No significant differences in FOV were seen between the two frames tested while wearing either Apache helmet. However, with both helmets there were significant differences in FOV between the no frame condition and the two frame conditions tested. This suggests that wearing no eyewear is still optimal in integrating the HDU device. With advances in contact lens technology, future research can study the viability of the latest generation of multifocal contact lenses with Apache aviators. Walsh DV, Jurek GM, McLean WE, Statz JK, Allen RL, Riggs DW. Assessment of a prototype Apache flight eyewear. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(9):800-805.

Army aviation aircrew preferred the AFF-OP over the current HGU-4/P spectacles. Two of the top three highest subjective reasons for AFF-OP preference coincided with two of the top three operational eyewear problems reported in the recently published survey. If Army aircrew do not wear their issued eyewear, they may purchase their own frame "out of pocket." However, this can lead to use of a frame that has not been tested for compatibility and may compromise performance of aircrew life support equipment.

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