Doctors' and physical therapists' attention should be drawn to the fact that urinary incontinence is part of the complication spectrum of CF. A quarter of the study population refrained from coughing up phlegm and from physiotherapy. It is important to actively question and inform about this problem, to enable its detection and treatment.

Encrusted uropathy is a rare subacute to chronic inflammatory disorder caused by infection with urease-producing bacteria, mainly Corynebacterium urealyticum. The disorder is characterized by urothelial deposition of struvite and carbonated apatite, resulting in encrustations and ulceronecrotic inflammation of the urothelium and surrounding tissues. Most commonly, encrusted uropathy is encountered in patients with predisposing conditions. The disease remains underdiagnosed. High urinary pH and negative conventional urine cultures should raise suspicion of the diagnosis. Prognosis is dependent on timely diagnosis and treatment installment, which consists of urological removal of encrustations in combination with urinary acidification and long-term antibiotic therapy.

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to examine the knowledge of Belgian university students about the human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV–vaccination.Material and methodsDuring a period of two months we administered an online questionnaire, which contained 29 questions, to 3332 students of the Free University of Brussels. Of the 433 completed questionnaires, 346 were included by age (18–30 years) and completeness of responded questionnaires. These formed the study group.ResultsOf the 346 included questionnaires (76% female), 48% were completed by medical students. The majority (65%) knew that both genders could be infected with HPV. Ninety–five percent of all medical students were aware of the existence of HPV, while 92% knew of the possibility to be vaccinated against the virus. Ninety percent of them were aware of the causal relationship between HPV infection and cervical cancer. 46% of the medical students were aware that HPV can cause anogenital cancers, and only 28% knew that HPV–vaccination could protect them against genital warts. Sixty percent of all female students were fully vaccinated against HPV, without any difference between medical and non–medical students. A very small part of all students (3%) believed that vaccination against HPV could enhance a promiscuous lifestyle.ConclusionsAlmost 80% of respondents were aware of the existence of the human papillomavirus, its morbid potential and the HPV–vaccination.

BackgroundSegmental testicular infarction is a very rare condition, which can mimic a testicular torsion or testicular cancer. Correct diagnosis is difficult but it is important to avoid unnecessary radical treatment.Case presentationWe report a clinical case of a 36-year-old white man who presented at our emergency department with subacute testicular pain. A urine analysis, Doppler ultrasound, surgical exploration, blood analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging were performed to diagnose his condition, to exclude a testicular torsion, and to raise confidence in its non-malignancy. He was treated conservatively. At follow-up, a few months after the incident, he no longer had complaints. Ultrasonography showed remaining hypo-echogenicity of the left upper pole, indicating a sequel of ischemia.ConclusionsSegmental testicular infarction is a rare condition which can be easily confused with a testicular torsion or a testicular tumor. This case report can be helpful in recognizing and diagnosing this condition. Making the right diagnosis is important since it can prevent an unnecessary radical treatment.