performing serology for the viral infections associated with cutaneous manifestations, for example parvovirus B19 and enterovirus. Most of them reported itching and burning sensation. Only two of them referred pain. They were variably symptomatic for the respiratory tract, but none of them had such a severe lung involvement as to require intubation. One of them was completely asymptomatic, and only the acral vascular manifestation led us the suspicion of coronavirus infection. In six of the patients showing exanthematic rashes, a punch biopsy for histological examination was obtained (Fig. 1F), showing features of perivascular dermatitis and vasculitis, which are compatible with that of a viral exanthem. It is known that exanthematic rashes can occur during viral infection. 4 We can say that erythematous rashes during coronavirus infections may have the same origin as the other viral rashes. 5 Instead, the vasculitic eruptions could be due to the vascular changes observed in these patients. Degeneration of the endothelium and vascular damages, including both formation of thrombus and congestion in small vessels, were observed in organs other than the lung in autopsies from skin. Indeed, while the 2019-nCoV is mainly distributed in the lung, the damage caused by the infection also involves the vessels, with the possibility of ischaemic and embolic damages. 6 The clinical patterns of the rashes described in COVID-19 patients till now include urticaria, acral ischaemia, morbilliform, livedo reticularis, vesicular and petechial. 5,7-9 As regards, the histological patterns, perivascular dermatitis and transient acantholytic dermatosis are those described till now. 10. We are presenting this paper to share our cases of skin involvement during the coronavirus disease. Undoubtedly, no certain association can be established between COVID-19 and skin eruptions, and further studies are needed. Acknowledgement The patients in this manuscript have given written informed consent to the publication of her case details.
the CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic outbreak in Italy completely changed patients’ access to healthcare systems and therefore the doctor‐patient relationship, in particular during the national lockdown (from March 11th to May 18th).
The Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreaks affected Italy since the last days of February 2020. Increasing pressure on hospital facilities forced the Italian Government to establish a lockdown on the entire country, in order to flatten the transmission curve through severe social distancing measures. These interventions drastically changed many social behaviors, including sexual habits. The
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