A theoretical synthesis proposes that gender roles may amplify biological differences in reactions to alcohol, and that gender differences in drinking behavior may be modified by macrosocial factors that modify gender role contrasts.

Gender differences should be studied not only as individual behaviours, but also as societal traits, associated with other characteristics of the social system.

Background: Daily smoking adolescents are a public health problem as they are more likely to become adult smokers and to develop smoking-related health problems later on in their lives.

SummaryThe paper presents an evaluation of the stability and consistency of self‐reported adolescent drug use. The data were collected from 1900 high‐school students. Analyses included estimates of alternate forms reliability, non‐response rates, logical consistency in the responses, test‐retest reliability as well as estimates of exaggerated reports. The findings indicate a high rate of stability in self‐reporting of substance use, both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. These results are in agreement with other studies of self‐reported drug use and suggest that questionnaire may provide highly reliable data for research.

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