There is a widespread dissatisfaction among nonprofit leaders and managers, private funders and public decision-makers concerning the current systems of social impact assessment of nonprofit organizations/social enterprises (NPO/SE).The systems of performance measurement of NPO/SE vary greatly in relationship to a series of endogenous and exogenous variables related to different organizational environments: economic, political, social and cultural.The aim of this article is to present an innovative theoretical framework on the basis of which it is possible to define a set of indicators for the evaluation of the social added value produced by NPO/SE.Our hypothesis is that NPO/SE are characterized by their ability to generate different outcome at each of the dimensions of social life: micro, meso and macro. Meaning, a sense of responsibility at the micro level; relational goods at the meso level; and social capital at the macro level.The article illustrates the assessment tool called S.A.V.E. applied, as empirical reference, to three Italian social enterprises operating in the field of health and social services (local welfare systems).

Throughout the ancient Greek, world mass burials are rare. Of the 10,000 excavated burials in the western necropolis of the Greek colony of Himera (649–409), only 16 contained more than one individual; seven of these can in all possibility be traced back to the two battles fought by Himera against the Carthaginians in 480 and 409 BCE. Written sources (Diod. 11.20ff.) state that the Himerans, accompanied by numerous Greek allies, defeated the Carthaginian forces in the first conflict whereas the loss of Greek allied support in the second battle resulted in the city's defeat and subsequent destruction. The anthropological and taphonomical studies of the human remains aim at testing the archaeological hypothesis that individuals interred in the seven mass graves can be related to the two battles. Skeleton density (skeletons per square metre), position, orientation, and conservation levels of the individuals in the mass burials were analysed and compared with a larger sample of 1,000 single burials from the same necropolis along with mass graves in other forensic and archaeological contexts. Sex, age at death, presence of skeletal stress indicators, and perimortal traumas were recorded using standard anthropological methods. In the case of poorly preserved remains, sex was estimated using site‐specific discriminant functions. Although representing catastrophic samples, the results from the seven mass burials all lead to the assumption that the graves can be associated with the interment of warriors fallen in battle. Moreover, burial differences have permitted to distinguish the mass burials dating to 480 BCE from those attributed to 409 BCE.

The application of radiology as an aid for paleoanthropological analyses is seeing a widespread increase. The aim of this study is to examine a number of radiological dental aspects related to hereditary haemoglobinopathies, such as b-thalassemia, on the human remains of a past community by way of micro-CT. A sample from the early medieval (10th-11th century) archaeological site of Vetricella (Scarlino, Grosseto), located in an area historically affected by malaria and part of the nEU-Med Advanced ERC project, was selected. Macroscopic paleopathological analysis revealed features typical of b-thalassemia. As a result, the skeletal remains underwent CT and micro-CT examination. CT analysis of the ribs, as demonstrated in previous studies, confirmed the initial hypothesis of the presence of b-thalassemia in the group. The dental micro-CT carried out on a sample of 7 deciduous incisors belonging to 7 sub-adult individuals allowed observing for the first time a direct relationship between the degrees of b-thalassemia recorded on the skeletons and dentinogenesis defects, identifying also a new radiological evidence which will be termed as «iris-like» appearance. A sample of three individuals from a coeval, non-thalassemic community was used for comparative purposes. These observations constitute a new approach to the diagnosis of b-thalassemia in archaeological contexts, providing an additional tool for differential diagnoses while also furthering our knowledge of the natural history of this disease.

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