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GREECE ABSTRACT -Background and Objectives:The purpose of the present study was to develop an attitudinal schedule, the Attitudes to Severe Mental Illness (ASMI) scale, which synthesizes elements from different conceptual frameworks of the field, while addressing gaps on the existing literature on stigma measurement.Methods: A national representative sample of 2039 adults from the general population was interviewed by telephone.Results: Factor analysis revealed 4 factors to underlie the data, namely "stereotyping" "optimism", "coping" and "understanding", which explained 67% of total variance. The instrument's face and predictive validity were also supported, while its internal consistency and test -retest reliability were found to be high for the overall scale and its factors.Conclusions: Consistent with these, the ASMI scale emerges as a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of attitudes towards severe mental illness, while it opens new directions for advancing scientific understanding of the topic.

The prevalence of mental disorders in Greek prisoners was higher than in the general population. Personality disorder was the most common type of mental disorder and the only psychiatric diagnosis related to violent crime. This highlights the need for screening for mental disorders and the need for therapeutic provision within the prison setting.

Object The biogenic amines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) are involved in the regulation of multiple neuronal functions, and changes in monoamine concentrations in the CSF have been detected in several disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of biogenic amines in the ventricular CSF of children suffering from posterior fossa tumors and their possible correlation with tumor histology and cognitive functioning. Methods Twenty-two children with posterior fossa tumors who were treated surgically at Children's Hospital “Agia Sofia” were studied. Patients ranged in age from 5.5 to 15 years. The study population included patients who suffered from hydrocephalus and were treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. During the operation for shunt placement, a CSF sample was obtained for the assessment of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Simultaneously, a blood sample was also obtained for assessment of the same metabolites in the serum. The concentration of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) was evaluated in 24-hour urine samples in 11 patients. Cerebrospinal fluid from a control group of children was also studied. Executive functions were assessed using the short form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Results Twelve patients suffered from astrocytomas, 9 from medulloblastomas, and 1 from an ependymoma. The MHPG concentration in CSF was significantly higher in patients with astrocytomas compared with patients with medulloblastomas. Twenty-four-hour urine samples of VMA were significantly higher in patients with astrocytomas compared with patients with medulloblastomas. The MHPG concentration in CSF was negatively correlated with the verbal scale of the WISC and there was a trend toward a significant negative correlation with the total WISC score. Homovanillic acid in CSF was positively correlated with the performance scale of the WISC. There was a significant correlation between HVA and MHPG levels in CSF. The CSF concentration of 5-HIAA was significantly correlated with the HVA concentration in serum. Twenty-four-hour urine VMA samples were statistically significantly correlated with HVA concentration in both CSF and serum, with MHPG in CSF, and with 5-HIAA in serum. Conclusions This study showed that children with posterior fossa tumors have differences in the levels of monoamine metabolites in CSF. Further studies with a larger number of patients are obviously needed to verify these observations as well as studies to correlate the monoamine metabolite levels with the neuropsychological and behavioral findings in children with posterior fossa tumors.

Sildenafil (SDL) is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor and it is approved for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. SDL is extensively metabolized to its pharmacologically active metabolite, desmethyl-sildenafil (DSDL). A sensitive and specific GC/MS method for the determination of SDL and DSDL in whole blood was developed and validated to support therapeutic drug monitoring of SDL patients. The combination of solid-phase extraction with derivatization using BSTFA with 1% TMCS in acetonitrile efficiently reduced matrix effect and improved sensitivity of the method. In this assay, protriptyline was used as internal standard for both analytes. The LODs were 1.50 and 5.00 ng/mL for SDL and DSDL, respectively, whereas the respective LOQs were 5.00 and 15.0 ng/mL. The calibration curves were linear up to 500.0 ng/mL (SDL: R(2) 0.992, DSDL: R(2) 0.990). Absolute recovery values for both analytes ranged from 83.1 to 93.2%. Within- and between-batch accuracy was less than 11.8 and 10.2%, respectively, whereas within- and between-batch precision was less than 8.1 and 10.8%, correspondingly. The developed method is suitable for the determination of SDL and DSDL concentrations in blood samples obtained from patients under Viagra(®) treatment, for pharmacokinetic studies or for the investigation of related forensic cases.