Aims\ud The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different water temperatures on physiological responses (dehydration, sweat rate, urine output, rectal temperature and plasma electrolytes) of competitive athletes during a “simulated” race of 5 km in an indoor swimming pool.\ud Methods\ud Nine male competitive master swimmers swam 5 km with the water at temperatures of 23, 27 and 32 ̊C. Immediately before (Pre) and after (Post) each trial, samples of blood and urine were collected, body weight was recorded and rectal temperature was measured. The dehydration percentage and sweat rate were the highest at 32 ̊C and the lowest at 23 ̊C (23 ̊C: −0.9 ± 0.5; 27 ̊C: −1.3 ± 0.6; 32 ̊C: −2.2 ± 0.7% and 23 ̊C: 0.48 ± 0.28; 27 ̊C: 0.76 ± 0.36; 32 ̊C: 1.25 ± 0.37 l/h). The Post urine volume output was not significantly different in the three trials (23 ̊C: 122.6 ± 62.4; 27 ̊C: 78.2 ± 24.9; 32 ̊C 81.4 ± 37.0 mL). The 27 and 32 ̊C water increased the rectal temperature (Pre: 37.0 ± 0.3; Post: 37.9 ± 0.5 ̊C–Pre: 36.9 ± 0.4; Post: 38.0 ± 0.4 ̊C, respectively).\ud \ud Results\ud This study shows that dehydration, sweat rate and body temperatures simultaneously increase with the rise of water temperature during the shortest open water swimming event distance (5 km) performed at race intensity

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This work shows correlation between subtypes and the probability of having positive SLN. Patients not expressing vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion and, moreover, a triple-negative tumor subtype may be good candidates for breast conservative surgery without axillary surgical staging.

This paper focuses on students credits earning speed over time and its determinants, dealing with the huge percentage of students who do not take the degree within the legal duration in the Italian University System. A new indicator for the performance of the student career is proposed on real data, concerning the cohort of students enrolled at a Faculty of the University of Palermo (followed for 7 years). The new indicator highlights a typical zero-inflated distribution and suggests to investigate the effect of the degree course (DC) change on the student career. A mixed-effect model for overdispersed data is considered, with the aim of taking into account the individual variability as well, due to the longitudinal nature of data. Results show the significant positive effect of the DC change on the student performance.

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