Texture analysis is a continuously evolving, noninvasive radiomics technique to quantify macroscopic tissue heterogeneity indirectly linked to microscopic tissue heterogeneity beyond human visual perception. In recent years, systemic oncologic applications of texture analysis have been increasingly explored. Here we discuss the basic concepts and methodologies of texture analysis, along with a review of various MR imaging texture analysis applications in glioma imaging. We also discuss MR imaging texture analysis limitations and the technical challenges that impede its widespread clinical implementation. With continued advancement in computational processing, MR imaging texture analysis could potentially develop into a valuable clinical tool in routine oncologic imaging. ABBREVIATIONS:AUC ϭ area under the curve; CE ϭ contrast-enhanced; GLCM ϭ gray-level co-occurrence matrix; GLRLM ϭ gray-level run-length matrix; HGG ϭ high-grade glioma; IDH ϭ isocitrate dehydrogenase; IDM ϭ inverse difference moment; LGG ϭ low-grade glioma; MRTA ϭ MR imaging texture analysis; PCNSLϭ primary central nervous system lymphoma; PCA ϭ principal component analysis; SVM ϭ support vector machine; TA ϭ texture analysis Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org Indicates article with supplemental on-line tables.

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SUMMARY:Smooth neuronal functioning requires an uninterrupted supply of energy that is provided by glucose under normal physiologic conditions. Significant variations in plasma glucose levels, be it hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, can present with myriad clinical manifestations and may mimic stroke. At times, the diagnosis is either not apparent or not clinically suspected. Imaging can suggest the diagnosis in unsuspected cases and can help in the assessment of the extent of neuronal damage in known cases, making it vital for the neuroradiologist to be aware of both common and atypical neuroimaging findings in hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.ABBREVIATIONS: GABA ϭ gamma aminobutyric acid; HC-HB ϭ hemichorea-hemiballismus; NIDDM ϭ non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NKHG ϭ non-

SUMMARY:Blunt cerebrovascular injury is a relatively uncommon but sometimes life-threatening injury, particularly in patients presenting with ischemic symptoms in that vascular territory. The decision to pursue vascular imaging (generally CT angiography) is based on clinical and imaging findings. Several grading scales or screening criteria have been developed to guide the decision to pursue vascular imaging, as well as to recommend different treatment options for various injuries. The data supporting many of these guidelines and options are limited however. The purpose of this article is to review and compare these scales and criteria and the data supporting clinical efficacy and to make recommendations for future research in this area. ABBREVIATIONS:ATT ϭ antithrombotic therapy; BCVI ϭ blunt cerebrovascular injury; EAST ϭ Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma

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