The study looked at how residents in the Arjo Diga forest, East Wollega Zone of Western Ethiopia felt about biodiversity conservation. The Arjo Diga Forest ecosystem is home to a great variety of animals and plants; this area may be a major contributor to the country's conservation strategy. However, over the past three decades, the realm round the forest ecosystem has seen significant anthropogenic pressures. Additionally, identifying the assorted factors that influence the attitudes and perceptions of local communities about protected areas and therefore the value of biodiversity is very important for local people to support conservation efforts. Purposive sampling was employed to collect data from three kebeles, which were chosen based on their level interaction, community distribution within or near the conservation forest and forest dependency. A household survey, key informant interview, field observation and focus group discussion were used to gather data. The questionnaire study included 222 households in total. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data. To explore the important contributing elements for local community impression and attitude, the Chi-square test and descriptive statistics were used. According to the study, the majority of local household heads (48.6%) are unaware of the importance of biodiversity conservation. There was a significant difference in age (x 2 =36.216, DF = 3 and p<0.05), education level (x 2 =73.021, DF=3 and p<0.05), and annual income (x 2 =90.75, DF=3 and p<0.05) in the view and attitude of the local residents toward the conservation values of Arjo Diga forest. As a result, it can be stated that age, education level, and income were the primary determinants of local community perspective and attitude. Furthermore, respondents report that farmland expansion (29.7%), charcoal production, and firewood production (21.6%) are intensifying, and that (55.86%) of respondents were not involved in the decision-making process, which could have a significant impact on biodiversity conservation sustainability. Soil and water conservation, as well as fencing, were among the important mitigation techniques approaches discovered in this study and used by local populations to conserve and develop the natural resource. As a result, urgent cooperation measures between biodiversity conservation management and stakeholders, as well as environmental education, should be addressed as part of a plan to protect Arjo Diga forest, taking into account these elements that influence attitudes and perceptions.

Ecosystem health and the accomplishment of the Sustainable Development Goals require biodiversity. However, the causes of biodiversity loss, as well as regional differences in their repercussions, remain poorly understood. We focused on the regional and temporal aspects that influence biodiversity distribution. Though transportable data is rarely convenient for providing accurate images of the proportions and distribution of all components of various ecosystems, there are certain patterns and strategies that call producers will employ to obtain useful assumptions of both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The purpose of this term paper is to conduct systematic reviews to reflect the biodiversity distribution of different spatial and temporal dimensions in the biodiversity of plant species, animal species, microorganisms, and ecosystem diversity and the factors affecting biodiversity. Biodiversity is best defined by the patterns of the world around us, and these patterns are the source for understanding biodiversity. The distribution of biodiversity is uniform and inconsistent around the world. Therefore, the shift from the equator to the poles reduced biodiversity. These show that, unlike temperate regions, the tropics have more solar energy, water availability, and a relatively constant and predictable environment. The distribution of biodiversity is affected by a variety of environmental factors, including regional geological history, environmental stability, ecosystem productivity, habitat heterogeneity and suitability, competition, and predation. Therefore, understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of biodiversity is urgently needed to develop short-term and long-term resource management strategies, and biodiversity education and training activities are innovative.

The need to create and maintain industrial peace, in one hand, protect the fragile interest of workers on the other side to boost economic development have been critical issues which have attained significant consideration from states. To that end, they introduced at international and national levels different set of legislations regulating employment relations. Among other things, working time limit has meticulously been introduced to safeguard the rights of workers, who are generally with the lesser bargaining power, and make the labor more productive. Ethiopia has accepted this notion of delimitating working hours, and adopted legislations. However, it has become a public secret that such rules have not been maintained in practice and that the enforcement mechanism appeared meager. Though researches have been made in different part of the world; in Ethiopia, particularly in Dire Dawa, the factors contributing for long working hours have not been addressed. There are, however, indicators that particularly waiters are working for longer hours than what the law stipulates. In a town dubbed as industrial corner, this factor should not be left unconsidered if the aspired objective of the labour regulation is really to be met. This research, hence, took the first step in studying the existence of this violation, and investigating the contributing factors. The data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews, and samples were taken using stratified systematic sampling method. Data were analyzed through quantitative (descriptive analysis and logistic regression model) and qualitative techniques. Then, job insecurity, lack of legal awareness, culture of the work, salary, tips, dependents, and level of education have been found out to be contributing factors, and their level of significance has also been established. It has also revealed that the absence of strong enforcement mechanisms contributed for the apparent non-adherence to the rules so delimiting working hours.

Biodiversity and well-functioning ecosystems provide natural solutions that foster resilience, thereby assisting society in adapting to the negative effects of climate change. Through conducting a thorough review on maintaining and restoring native ecosystems, agrobiodiversity, landscape connectivity, and protected areas, this project aims to achieve its objective. Biodiversity is the variety of all living organisms on the planet. To examine the role of biodiversity in climate change adaptation, 55 distinct sources, including 50 peer-reviewed publications and 5 books, were utilized. The current analysis identifies sustainable management of biodiversity as an essential climate change adaptation strategy because species and genetically diverse ecosystems have a greater capacity to adjust to climate change. Furthermore, such measures boost the climate change resilience of ecosystems. So that they can continue to provide ecosystem services, hence facilitating the supply of alternate means of subsistence in the face of climate change. Many of these studies assume that biodiversity and climate change are tightly interconnected due to their mutual impacts. For instance, human-induced climate change poses a threat to biodiversity, but biodiversity resources can mitigate the effects of climate change on populations and ecosystems. However, a large number of research also point to context-dependent adaptation techniques that can be either positive or harmful depending on the circumstances. The majority of research has been undertaken on the poorest or most vulnerable households, with a primary focus on small islands and mountains, whereas other ecosystem products have been mostly neglected. Consequently, an essential strategy for conserving biodiversity and human well-being entails measures that are kept flexible in order to better adapt human societies to climate change, as well as biodiversity education and training activities that are superior at distributing innovative techniques.

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) occurs in various forms throughout the world, with a greater influence in developing countries. This is due to fast increasing human populations and increased subsistence agriculture, which reduces wildlife habitat and increases human-wildlife interactions. Wild animals fight for resources with humans in the Arjo Dhidhesa Sugar Factory in Western Ethiopia, and they are in conflict with each other. As a result, this research was carried out to determine the reasons of HWC, as well as the mammals responsible for them. From August 2017 to March 2018, researchers utilized questioner and interview approaches to examine community perceptions toward wildlife and overall cthe result showed that a total of 99.034 sugarcane stalk damage events were registered in all three sample sites both during the dry and wet seasons. Wildlife consumed 46,468 sugarcane stalks during the rainy season, while 52,566 stalks were consumed during the dry season, with the documented damage event varying greatly from site to site. Hippopotamus, Anubis baboon, Warthog, Bush pig, and Buffalo were the most affected by HWC, with agricultural loss occurring throughout both wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, Hippopotamus 16,133 stalks per ha were the most damaged, followed by Anubis baboon 12,484 stalks per ha. Buffalo 5,083 and Bush pig 3,931 stalk per ha did the least damage, placing fourth and fifth, respectively. During dry seasons, Anubis baboon caused the most sugarcane stalk damage (16, 898 stalks per hectare), followed by hippopotamus (16,533 stalks per ha). During both the wet (t = 4.08, DF = 4, P< 0.05) and dry seasons (t =3.73, DF = 4, P< 0.05), there was a significant difference in the damages caused by mentioned fauna. According to the findings, about 67.9% and 25.2 % of all respondents said that HWC expressed itself in crop destruction and livestock predation, respectively. Habitat damage, agricultural development, a lack of feed, and a rise in the population of wild animals are among the explanations cited by respondents. Some of the key crop raider mitigation strategies revealed in this study that were adopted by the investment community and local communities include hanging dead animal parts, habitat disturbance, keeping animals alive by tying them to the side of field, and mass murdering wildlife. These practices are one of the main causes of the extinction of wildlife, making conservation even more challenging. There are currently many human activities in the field of science, which has resulted in many HWCs. As a result, investment decisions should be made based on strong and viable domain choices both commercial and environmental, as well as promoting natural tourism as a viable option for education and conservation education.