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Resilience has been recognized as the ability to bounce back from adversity and regain health. This review seeks to explore the validity of the current understanding of resilience as it applies to older people and its application as guide for interventions. One mixed method, 19 qualitative and 22 quantitative papers were located through a systematic search of nine databases. Results confirmed a number of themes of personal resources. Older people who have the ability to use personal resources and see the world beyond their own concerns are more likely to be resilient. In addition a number of environmental factors were identified including social support from community, family and professionals as well as access to care, availability of resources and the influence of social policy and societal responses. Nurses can facilitate resilience of older people by maintaining or enhancing social support and facilitating access to care and resources.

BackgroundApproximately 50% of Australian women experience low back pain in pregnancy, with somewhere between 8 and 36% of women suffering from pregnancy related depression/anxiety. Both low back and pelvic pain and depression and anxiety are associated with poor maternal health outcomes, including increased sick leave, higher rates of functional disability, and increased access to healthcare. It also impacts upon time and mode of delivery with an increase in inductions and elective caesarean sections. For babies of women with depression and anxiety preterm birth, low birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction are all common complications. Given these poor health outcomes, it is important to determine the co-morbidity of low back and pelvic pain and depression/anxiety in pregnancy.MethodsA cross sectional study of a hospital based sample of 96 nulliparous women were assessed at 28 weeks as part of their routine antenatal appointment. Data was collected via interview and clinical records and included the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS), the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and the Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (MODQ). Spearman’s correlation co-efficients, prevalence ratios and ANOVA were used to determine comorbidity.Results96 women consented to participation in the study. All study outcomes were moderately correlated. There were three main findings: One, there was a positive correlation between low back and pelvic girdle pain (LBPP) and depression/anxiety was rho = 0.39, p < 0.001, between LBPP and functional disability was rho = 0.51, p < 0.001 and between risk of depression/anxiety and functional disability was rho = 0.54, p < 0.001. Two, a woman with LBPP was 13 times more likely to have increased risk of depression/anxiety, whilst a woman with increased risk of depression/anxiety was 2.2 times more likely to have LBPP and finally three, amongst women who reported LBPP, the level of disability experienced was significantly higher in women who had concurrent increased risk of depression/anxiety (p = 0.003). This occurred even though the severity of pain did not differ between groups (NRS score mean p = 0.38).ConclusionsThis study found a high level of co-occurrence of LBPP, functional disability and depression/anxiety in women in their third trimester of pregnancy. Importantly women who reported higher depression/anxiety symptoms appeared to experience higher levels of functional disability in relation to their LBPP, than women with lower depression/anxiety symptoms and LBPP.

Hospitalized patients were highly inactive, especially those with medical admissions, based on time and step parameters. Accelerometer monitoring of sedentary behavior patterns was less reported and warrants further research.

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