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• All organizations must persuade stakeholders that they are worth supporting. Organizations need donors to give, volunteers to volunteer, consumers to purchase, and general support for public funding. Because Twitter messages are restricted to 140 characters or less, organizations' message structures must be clearer and may employ traditional rhetorical techniques such as ethos, pathos, and logos, to garner support and promote action. By using content analysis, the tweets of eight charitable organizations from diverse sectors were analyzed for rhetorical content, type of communication such as two-way symmetrical or two-way asymmetrical communication, and positive or negative message frame, for one calendar month. Results of this study found that 60% of tweets employed rhetorical strategy and the majority of tweets included a positive message frame. Moreover, each of the three broad functional areas defined by Lovejoy and Saxton (2012) used ethos, pathos, and logos to differing degrees. Based on results, proposed expansions of the functional areas are also discussed.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected teachers and students worldwide. In March 2020, more than 5,000 teachers reported feeling overwhelmed, sad, fearful, anxious, and worried. We evaluated those feelings through the lens of emotional labor using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. Results indicated that professors were experiencing signs of emotional exhaustion as the result of surface acting—the disconnect they felt between trying to reassure and support students when they themselves felt sad and anxious. Results supported findings from several student and teacher surveys regarding stress and COVID-19. It also supported prior research that found gender differences in extent of emotional labor.