According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in the second half of 2022, there are about 606 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and almost 6,500,000 deaths around the world. A pandemic was declared by the WHO in March 2020 when the new coronavirus spread around the world. The short time between the first cases in Wuhan and the declaration of a pandemic initiated the search for ways to stop the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or to attempt to cure the disease COVID-19. More than ever, research groups are developing vaccines, drugs, and immunobiological compounds, and they are even trying to repurpose drugs in an increasing number of clinical trials. There are great expectations regarding the vaccine’s effectiveness for the prevention of COVID-19. However, producing sufficient doses of vaccines for the entire population and SARS-CoV-2 variants are challenges for pharmaceutical industries. On the contrary, efforts have been made to create different vaccines with different approaches so that they can be used by the entire population. Here, we summarize about 8162 clinical trials, showing a greater number of drug clinical trials in Europe and the United States and less clinical trials in low-income countries. Promising results about the use of new drugs and drug repositioning, monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, and mesenchymal stem cells to control viral infection/replication or the hyper-inflammatory response to the new coronavirus bring hope to treat the disease.

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RESUMOObjetivo: O objetivo do trabalho foi fazer uma revisão sobre os avanços dos estudos da Artrite Reumatoide publicados em artigos científicos no período 2000 a 2016. Métodos: Para o levantamento de dados foram usadas as bases Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo e Google Acadêmico usando os termos: artrite reumatoide, patogênese, diagnóstico, tratamento. Resultados e Discussão: A artrite reumatoide ainda é uma doença de etiologia desconhecida e mesmo com o avanço em pesquisas biomédicas, sabe-se apenas que está relacionada a fatores ambientais, comportamentais, hábitos de vida e alimentares. Dados recentes mostram que o processo patogênico a nível molecular está vinculado ao desenvolvimento de antígenos, de origem tanto endógena quanto exógena, que são responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento do processo inflamatório típico da doença. Os responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento exógeno podem ser os parvovírus, o vírus da rubéola, o Epstein-Barr vírus, o HTLV-1, micoplasmas e micobactérias. Além disso, são diversos os fatores imunológicos envolvidos na patogenia da artrite reumatoide que mantêm o processo inflamatório, o que torna difíceis as investigações fisiopatológicas da doença. Considerações finais: O diagnóstico é inespecífico e baseia-se em marcadores laboratoriais, exames de imagens e ainda achados durante os exames clínicos. Tratamentos não farmacológicos e preventivos servem como base da terapia para todos os pacientes. Diante do que foi mostrado há a necessidade do avanço de estudos específicos da artrite reumatoide.Palavras chave: artrite reumatoide, patologia, imunologia ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to review the advances in Rheumatoid Arthritis studies published in scientific articles from 2000 to 2016. Methods: The databases Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo and Google Scholar were used for the data collection using the terms : Rheumatoid arthritis, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment. Results and Discussion: Rheumatoid arthritis is still a disease of unknown etiology, and even with advances in biomedical research, it is only known that it is related to environmental, behavioral, lifestyle and alimentary factors. Recent data show that the pathogenic process at the molecular level is linked to the development of both endogenous and exogenous antigens, which are responsible for the development of the inflammatory process typical of the disease. Those responsible for exogenous development may be parvovirus, rubella virus, Epstein-Barr virus, HTLV-1, mycoplasmas and mycobacteria. In addition, there are several immunological factors involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis that maintain the inflammatory process, making the pathophysiological investigations of the disease difficult. Final considerations: The diagnosis is non-specific and is based on laboratory markers, imaging tests and still found during clinical exams. Non-pharmacological and preventive treatments serve as the basis of therapy for all patients. In view of what has been shown there is a need to advance specific studies of rheumatoid art...

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