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Diabetes mellitus or commonly called diabetes is a worldwide epidemic caused by chronic hyperglycemia. Simplify the blood glucose monitoring and easy to use is an essential part of diabetes management. Currently, the use of blood glucose meters conventional in clinical practice needs sufficient reliability. Therefore, self-monitoring of blood glucose with a non-invasive method was presented. A non-invasive blood glucose monitoring device was initially for information on glucose level measurements. A non-invasive method to determine the level of glucose by applying the physical properties of the absorption of the laser sensor that can produce a voltage change at various glucose levels. In this paper, a glucose monitoring module was fabricated with dimensions of 25x27x15 cm which has a minimum system, sensor, and LCD as a display of glucose levels. A minimum system to control the output of data digital value using microcontroller Android nano v.3. Experimentally, testing this module is by comparing the glucose monitoring modules that have been made with a gold standard. The result showed that non-invasive glucose monitoring is the potential for glucose level measurement a sensitivity, resolution, and accuracy of 0.86 mg/dL, 0.01 mg/dL, and 98.96%, respectively. The purposed module of glucose level monitoring offered simple testing for the rapid measurement of glucose levels.

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This study compared the scale of infant pain during vaccinated injection using conductance skin electric (Skin Conductance), the Wong-Baker Faces Scale (WBFS) instrument, and Face Leg Activity Cry and Consolability (FLACC) instruments. It was observational cohort study with pre-experimental design using vaccinated injection as pain stimuli. This study investigated 121 infants (59 boys, 62 girls), age/PNA 4.37 ± 2.97 months, and current body weight 6522 ± 1378.65 grams). Most infants had adequate birth weight 71 (89.9%) about 2985.74 ± 405.83 kg and mature infants as 67 (84.4%), about 38,52 ± 2,09 weeks. Pain measurement of all three instruments was do simultaneously using a developed Skin Conductance (SC) apparatus and video recording (to assess behaviour and face). WBFS, FLACC and SC have the same significance in measuring infants’ pain scale during vaccination injection. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the three pain measurement instruments between before and during injection with a p value of <0.001. So that SC can be recommended for pain measurement.

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