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About 150 million people suffer from urinary tract infection (UTI) each year (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015). Although UTI's occur in all age groups including men and women, clinical studies suggest that the overall prevalence of UTI is higher in women (Salvatore S et al., 2011) . Escherichia coli is the most common cause of (80-85%) of community-acquired urinary tract infections (Nicolle et al., 2008). Rarely UTI may be due to viral or fungal infections (Amdekar et al., 2011). Healthcareassociated urinary tract infections mainly from urinary catheterization involve a much broader range of pathogens including E. coli, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Background: Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all health care workers as they constitute a high-risk group for acquiring blood borne hepatitis B infection. Anti HBs level ≥10 mIU/ml at any time after vaccination is considered as a marker of sustained immunity, which provides protection against infection. Poor sero-protection rates to hepatitis B vaccine are recognized and some individuals do not develop sufficient levels of anti-HBs antibodies. Hence, it is necessary to identify the individuals who are non-protective responders to vaccination. With this background, the present study was undertaken to determine immune response to hepatitis B vaccine amongst the health care workers. Material and Methods: The present cross-sectional study included 200 health care workers in a tertiary teaching hospital, who were immunized with three complete doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Quantitative determination of anti HBs levels was done by ELISA. The effect of gender, age, smoking, body mass index and duration after immunization on antibody levels were analyzed. Results: The association of anti-HBs status and gender was not statistically significant. Increase in age leads to decline of anti-HBs protective responders. Smoking and higher body mass index are significantly associated with less anti HBs titers (<10 mIU/ml). Conclusion: The highest number of protective responders is seen in initial 5 years post vaccination duration and least protective responders are observed in >10 years post vaccination duration, indicating decline in antibody response over a period of time.

To evaluate lecture as a large group teaching method from student's perspective. METHODS: The present study was undertaken in the department of Microbiology, KIMS, Amalapuram. A total of 60 Second year MBBS students were taken as study subjects. A questionnaire was designed and students were asked to fill it and also give suggestions as a part of feedback about the lectures conducted in the department of Microbiology. RESULTS: A total of 83.4% students find Chalkboard method + Power point presentation as the best way of delivering a lecture. Nearly 56.6% students opined that ideal duration for class should be 40-50 minutes. Long duration of lecture was a major disadvantage according to 66.6% students. 90% students feel that some time period of lecture should be reserved for interactive session. Majority of students also preferred class on elearning. 70% students feel that tutorials or seminars are needed along with theory class for better understanding of the subject. CONCLUSION: Lectures should be efficiently delivered by the instructor giving a conceptual understanding of the subject instead of mere reading the content. Lecture should be supplemented with tutorials and group discussion to improve learning. Duration of class should be restricted to 40-50 minutes as traditional long duration class makes it difficult to hold the attention of the students for an entire class period. Brief interaction with students will promote active learning. Elearning should be encouraged.