Objective. Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis of childhood, predominantly affecting the coronary arteries. S100A12, a granulocyte-derived agonist of both the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), is strongly up-regulated in KD. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential contributions of S100A12 to the pathogenesis of KD.Methods. Serum samples from patients with KD (n = 30) at different stages pre-and post-intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment were analyzed for the expression of S100A12, cytokines, chemokines, and soluble markers of endothelial cell activation. Primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were analyzed for responsiveness to direct stimulation with S100A12 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as assessed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of cytokine and endothelial cell adhesion molecule messenger RNA expression. Alternatively, HCAECs were cultured in conditioned medium obtained from primary human monocytes that were stimulated with LPS or S100A12 in the absence or presence of IVIG or cytokine antagonists.Results. In the serum of patients with KD, pretreatment S100A12 levels were associated with soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 titers in the course of IVIG therapy (r s = −0.6, P = 0.0003). Yet, HCAECs were not responsive to direct S100A12 stimulation, despite the presence of appropriate receptors (RAGE, TLR-4). HCAECs did, however, respond to supernatants obtained from S100A12-stimulated primary human monocytes, as evidenced by the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. This response was strictly dependent on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling (P < 0.001).Conclusion. In its role as a highly expressed mediator of sterile inflammation in KD, S100A12 appears to activate HCAECs in an IL-1β-dependent manner. These data provide new mechanistic insights into the contributions of S100A12 and IL-1β to disease pathogenesis, and may therefore support current IL-1-targeting studies in the treatment of patients with KD.

Background At present, etanercept represents the most commonly prescribed biologic agent for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) treatment. Children and adolescents with JIA are often treated with etanercept over long periods, sometimes even into adulthood. The objectives of this analysis were to determine the long-term safety of etanercept compared to a biologic-naïve cohort and to assess the long-term treatment response upon continuous etanercept exposure using data from the German biologics registry (BiKeR). Methods JIA patients newly exposed to etanercept were documented in the BiKeR registry from January 2001 to March 2019, and baseline characteristics, effectiveness, and safety parameters were analysed. Response to treatment was assessed according to 10-joint Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS10), JADAS-defined minimal disease activity and remission, JIA-American College of Rheumatology (ACR) improvement criteria, and ACR-inactive disease definition. Safety assessments were based on adverse event (AE) reports. Results A total of 2725 new etanercept users with a diagnosis of JIA were registered. Of these, etanercept was received as a first-line biologic by 95.8% and as monotherapy without concomitant methotrexate by 31.5%. After nine years on continuous treatment, 68.1% of patients presented minimal disease activity, 43.1% JADAS-defined remission on drug, and 36.6% ACR-inactive disease. JIA-ACR30/50/70/90 response rates were still 82/79/71/54% after nine years of treatment. Overall, 2053 AEs (34.3/100PY), including 226 serious AEs (SAE, 3.8/100PY), were observed upon etanercept, compared to 1345 AEs [35.6/100PY; p = 0.3] and 52 SAEs (1.4/100PY; p = 0.0001) in the biologic-naïve cohort. Respective exposure-adjusted rates for etanercept and biologic-naïve patients were 0.9/100PY and 0.2/100PY (p = 0.0001) for serious infections, 0.4/100PY and 0.1/100PY (p = 0.01) for zoster reactivation, 0.3/100PY and 0.03/100PY (p = 0.015) for inflammatory bowel disease, and 1.9/100PY and 1.4/100PY (p = 0.09) for uveitis. Three and two malignancies were documented in the etanercept and biologic-naïve groups, as well as three and one deaths, respectively. Conclusions No new safety signal was observed, especially no increased risk for malignancies or autoimmune disorders other than inflammatory bowel disease. However, SAEs and serious infections, though infrequent, were more often reported on etanercept than in biologic-naïve patients. In addition, etanercept demonstrated a long-term maintenance of clinical benefits up to nine years of continuous treatment.

Objectives: Chronic primary systemic vasculitidies (CPV) are a collection of rare diseases involving inflammation in blood vessels, often in multiple organs. CPV can affect adults and children and may be life- or organ-threatening. Treatments for adult CPV, although effective, have known severe potential toxicities; safety and efficacy of these drugs in pediatric patients is not fully understood. There is an unmet need for biologic measures to assess the level of disease activity and, in turn, inform treatment choices for stopping, starting, or modifying therapy. This observational study determines if S100 calcium-binding protein A12 (S100A12) and common inflammatory indicators are sensitive markers of disease activity in children and adolescents with CPV that could be used to inform a minimal effective dose of therapy.Methods: Clinical data and sera were collected from 56 participants with CPV at study visits from diagnosis to remission. Serum concentrations of S100A12, C-reactive protein (CRP) and hemoglobin (Hb) as well as whole blood cell counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured. Disease activity was inferred by physician's global assessment (PGA) and the pediatric vasculitis activity score (PVAS).Results: Serum concentrations of standard markers of inflammation (ESR, CRP, Hb, absolute blood neutrophil count), and S100A12 track with clinically assessed disease activity. These measures—particularly neutrophil counts and sera concentrations of S100A12–had the most significant correlation with clinical scores of disease activity in those children with vasculitis that is associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against proteinase 3.Conclusions: S100A12 and neutrophil counts should be considered in the assessment of disease activity in children with CPV particularly the most common forms of the disease that involve proteinase 3 ANCA.Key messages:- In children with chronic primary systemic vasculitis (CPV), classical measures of inflammation are not formally considered in scoring of disease activity.- Inflammatory markers—specifically S100A12 and neutrophil count—track preferentially with the most common forms of childhood CPV which affect small to medium sized vessels and involve anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against proteinase-3.

Background: At present, etanercept represents the most frequently prescribed biologic agent in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The following study evaluates the long-term safety and effectiveness of etanercept in JIA patients compared to a biologic-naïve JIA cohort using long-term data from the German biologics registry (BiKeR).Methods: JIA patients newly exposed to etanercept were documented in the BiKeR registry from January 2001 till March 2019, and baseline characteristics, effectiveness, as well as safety parameters were analysed. Response to treatment was assessed according to 10-joint Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS10), JADAS-defined minimal disease activity and remission, JIA-American College of Rheumatology (ACR) improvement criteria, as well as ACR-inactive disease definition. Safety assessments were based on adverse events (AE) reports.Results: Over 18 years, a total of 2725 new etanercept users with a diagnosis of JIA were registered. Of these, etanercept was received as a first-line biologic by 95.8% and as monotherapy without concomitant methotrexate by 31.5%. The mean disease duration at baseline was 4.1±3.7 years. Already after three months of treatment, the mean JADAS10 decreased from 15.3±7.5 at baseline to 5.6±5.7 (p<0.0001) and JADAS-minimal disease activity was reached by 844 (45.9%) patients. Following one year of therapy, JIA-ACR30/50/70/90 improvement was reached by 81/75/61/42% of patients. After nine years on continuous treatment, 31(43.1%) patients were in JADAS-defined remission on drug. During the 5988 patient-years (PY) of etanercept exposure, 2053 AEs (34.3/100PY) were observed, including 226 serious AEs (3.8/100PY). Observed exposure-adjusted rates were 0.9/100PY for serious infections, 0.4/100PY for zoster reactivation, 0.3/100PY for inflammatory bowel disease and 1.9/100PY for uveitis. There were three malignancies and three deaths.Conclusions: The current analysis adds to the established good safety profile of etanercept and reveals a durable long-term tolerability in JIA patients. Etanercept treatment provided rapid clinical improvement which was maintained up to nine years of drug use.

Background: At present, etanercept represents the most commonly prescribed biologic agent for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) treatment. Children and adolescents with JIA are often treated with etanercept over long periods, sometimes even into adulthood. The objectives of this analysis were to determine the long-term safety of etanercept compared to a biologic-naïve cohort, and to assess the long-term treatment response upon continuous etanercept exposure using data from the German biologics registry (BiKeR). Methods: JIA patients newly exposed to etanercept were documented in the BiKeR registry from January 2001 till March 2019, and baseline characteristics, effectiveness, as well as safety parameters were analysed. Response to treatment was assessed according to 10-joint Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS10), JADAS-defined minimal disease activity and remission, JIA-American College of Rheumatology (ACR) improvement criteria, as well as ACR-inactive disease definition. Safety assessments were based on adverse events (AE) reports. Results: 2725 new etanercept users with a diagnosis of JIA were registered. Of these, etanercept was received as a first-line biologic by 95.8% and as monotherapy without concomitant methotrexate by 31.5%. After nine years on continuous treatment, 68.1% of patients presented minimal disease activity, 43.1% JADAS-defined remission on drug and 36.6% ACR-inactive disease. JIA-ACR30/50/70/90 response rates were still 82/79/71/54% after 9 years of treatment. Overall, 2053 AEs (34.3/100PY), including 226 serious AEs (SAE, 3.8/100PY), were observed upon etanercept, compared to 1345 AEs [35.6/100PY; p=0.3] and 52 SAEs (1.4/100PY; p=0.0001) in the biologic-naïve cohort. Respective exposure-adjusted rates for etanercept and biologic-naïve patients were 0.9/100PY and 0.2/100PY (p=0.0001) for serious infections, 0.4/100PY and 0.1/100PY (p=0.01) for zoster reactivation, 0.3/100PY and 0.03/100PY (p=0.015) for inflammatory bowel disease, 1.9/100PY and 1.4/100PY (p=0.09) for uveitis. Three and two malignancies were documented in the etanercept and biologic-naïve groups, as well as three and one deaths, respectively. Conclusions: No new safety signal was observed, especially no increased risk for malignancies or autoimmune disorders other than inflammatory bowel disease. However, SAEs and serious infections, though infrequent, were more often reported on etanercept than in biologic-naïve patients. In addition, etanercept demonstrated a long-term maintenance of clinical benefits up to nine years of continuous treatment. Keywords: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, JIA-treatment, etanercept, TNF-inhibitors, biologics registry, drug surveillance