Highlights  The General Lake Model (GLM) is stress tested against 32 globally distributed lakes.  There was low correlation between input data uncertainty and model performance.  Model performance related to lake-morphometry, light extinction and flow regime; deep, clear lakes with high residence times had the lowest model error.

Field data, theoretical analyses, and numerical simulations were used to investigate the effects of lake basin bathymetry and spatial and temporal structures of the wind field on the basin‐scale internal wave spectrum in Lake Iseo. This deep Italian basin is characterized by the presence of a large island, imparting attributes of an annulus to the lake. During the summer of 2010, the internal wave activity was dominated by a basin‐scale internal wave of vertical and horizontal modes 1 (V1H1), superimposed on which were occasional higher vertical modes (V2H1) and higher horizontal modes (V1H5) trapped by the main island. The occurrence of these motions was interpreted as forcing by the wind components with similar horizontal structures and with energies at frequencies near the natural oscillations of the excited modes. The modifications of the wind field by the topography, in particular, controlled the excitation of an anticyclonic wave trapped around the island, whose features were investigated on the basis of an extension of the circular model to the case of an annular basin of constant depth.

On the morning of December 1, 1923, the Gleno Dam (located in the Central Italian Alps) suddenly collapsed a few days after the first complete reservoir filling. Nearly 4:5 × 10 6 m 3 of water was released. The consequent inundation caused significant destruction along the downstream valley and a death toll of at least 356 lives. This failure is the only historical case of dam break caused by structural deficiencies that has occurred in Italy. As a result, it has deeply influenced the evolution of Italian regulations regarding dam design and hydraulic risk evaluation. However, in spite of its relevance, this event has never been characterized from a hydraulic standpoint. This paper reports the main information obtained from the analysis of a vast amount of historical documents regarding the Gleno Dam break to set up a case study useful for validating dam-break models in mountain settings. Moreover, it presents the main results of one-dimensional (1D) modeling of the dam break wave propagation accomplished with a first-order finite volume numerical scheme recently proposed in the literature for field applications. The overall effectiveness and reliability of the model are evaluated for this case characterized by very irregular topography. Finally, the practical relevance of several choices that the numerical reconstruction of this kind of event demands is tested.

The study of the multiannual thermal dynamics of Lake Iseo, a deep lake in the Italian pre-alpine area, is presented. Inter flow was found to be the dominant river entrance mode, suggesting future susceptibility of the lake thermal structure to the overall effects of climate change expected in the upstream alpine watershed. A lake model employed the results of a long-term hydrologic model to simulate the effects of a climate change scenario on the lake ’ s thermal evolution for the period 2012 – 2050. The model predicts an overall average increase in the lake water temperature of 0.012 °C/year and a reinforced Schmidt thermal stability of the water column in the winter up to 800 J/m 2. Both these effects may further hinder the deep circulation process, which is vital for the oxygenation of deep water

[1] Hydrodynamic modeling of lakes requires an extensive amount of data that must often be measured far from the shore and throughout the water column. Accordingly, long-term comprehensive data sets for lakes are relatively rare. Lake Iseo is a deep prealpine lake, which we have monitored since 1995 on a monthly basis, collecting high-resolution data since 2011. These measurements were complemented with additional time series from surrounding meteorological stations and a comprehensive data set has been gathered for the period 1995-2012. This can be used, among other things, to test the capabilities of models to investigate the dynamics of a deep lake.Citation: Pilotti, M., G. Valerio, and B. Leoni (2013), Data set for hydrodynamic lake model calibration: A deep prealpine case,