BACKGROUND: At the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), enterovirus \ud (EV) infections are suspected to play a role. EVs in blood are seen as a possible\ud biomarker of T1D. EV infections may occur in temporal and geographic clusters and\ud may spread within families. OBJECTIVE: We checked whether EVs were present in the\ud blood of newly diagnosed diabetic probands and of their consenting siblings and\ud parents. We aimed at evaluating the frequency of EV infection, whether infections\ud were spreading within families, and which EV species were involved. SUBJECTS AND \ud METHODS: Blood was drawn from 24 newly diagnosed diabetic children/adolescents\ud and their family members (20 siblings and 41 parents). Blood donors and\ud non-diabetic children/adolescents diagnosed with overweight/short stature were\ud used as controls. RNA was extracted from plasma/leukocytes. Reverse-transcription\ud polymerase chain reaction assays capable of detecting virtually all EV types and \ud of giving preliminary species identification were used. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: \ud EV genomes were found in the blood of 19 of 24 (79%) diabetics, 12 of 20 (60%)\ud non-diabetic siblings, 26 of 41 (63%) parents, and 1 of 29 (3%) pediatric\ud controls. EVs of the A, B, C, and D species were detected, with the B and C\ud species more prevalent. Probands and virus-positive members of each family\ud consistently shared the same EV species. During follow-up, 4 of 20 (20%) siblings\ud of diabetic probands developed T1D with a latency of 3-25 months. In conclusion, \ud infection by different EV species is highly prevalent at the clinical onset and\ud extends to family members. EV may represent a precipitating factor of T1D.\ud However, the disease only develops in a subset of infected individuals

No abstract

Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is evolving in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) setting. Studies showed its efficacy in length of stay and hospitalization costs reduction. Moreover, it was suggested that OMT has a modulatory effect on the preterm infants' autonomic nervous system (ANS), influencing saturation and heart rate. Even if OMT is based on the palpatory examination of the somatic dysfunctions (SD), there are controversies about its identification and clinical relevance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inter-rater reliability, clinical characteristics, and functional correlation of the SD Grade score with the heart rate variability (HRV) and the salivary cortisol (sCor) using a multivariate linear model approach. To evaluate those features, we implemented an ad hoc SD examination for preterm infants that was performed by 2 trained osteopaths. It was based on the new variability model of SD that includes an SD Grade assessment procedure. The ANS features were assessed by frequency parameters of HRV studying high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and HF/LF, whereas sCor was tested with a radioimmunoassay. The ANS assessment was standardized and performed before SD testing. Sixty-nine premature infants were eligible. SD Grade showed excellent concordance between the blinded raters. Using SD Grade as a grouping variable, the infants presented differences in GA, Apgar, pathological findings, length of stay, and ventilatory assistance. In our multivariate model, HF, LF, and LF/HF resulted linearly correlated with SD Grade. Instead, sCor presented a linear correlation with 5' Apgar and respiratory distress syndrome but not with SD Grade. SD Grade was in line with the natural history of the underdevelopment due to prematurity. Our models indicate that the cardiac vagal tone is linearly related with SD Grade. This finding may improve the multidisciplinary decision making inside NICU and the management of modifiable factors, like SD, for cardiac vagal tone regulation.

In this paper the following result is obtained: Let a and β be two permutations such that aβ is transitive and a p = β q = 1 (where/? and q are distinct primes). Then the set of all permutations commuting both with a and β is either reduced to the identity or one of the three cyclic groups C p , C q orC pq .

Ventilation weaning is a key intensive care event influencing preterm infants’ discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) has been recently introduced in some Italian NICUs. This retrospective cohort study tested if OMT is associated with faster non-invasive ventilation (NIV) weaning. The time to NIV weaning was assessed in very preterm and very low birth weight infants who either received or did not receive OMT. The propensity score model included gender, antenatal steroids, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), and Apgar score 5′. Out of 93 infants, 40 were included in the multilevel survival analysis, showing a reduction of time to NIV weaning for GA (HR: 2.58, 95%CI: 3.91 to 1.71, p < 0.001) and OMT (HR: 3.62, 95%CI: 8.13 to 1.61, p = 0.002). Time to independent ventilation (TIV) was modeled with GA and BW as dependent variables and OMT as the factor. A negative linear effect of GA and BW on TIV was shown. OMT exposure studied as the factor of GA had effects on TIV in infants born up to the 32nd gestational week. Preterm infants exposed to OMT were associated with earlier achievement of NIV weaning. This result, together with the demonstrated OMT safety, suggests the conduct of clinical trials in preterm infants younger than 32 weeks of GA.