Objective Subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN) is a rare condition that may occur in the neonatal period. SCFN is an inflammatory disorder of the adipose tissue, usually found in full-term healthy infants who have a history of intrauterine or perinatal distress. It is usually a self-limited condition; however, in some cases, it can get complicated, leading to severe hypercalcemia that may be life-threatening. Study Design We report and describe a classic presentation of SCFN that led to severe hypercalcemia refractory to standard treatment. The diagnosis of SCFN was made based on the finding of subcutaneous nodules and of hypercalcemia. The serum calcium level reached 16.6 mg/dL. Hypercalcemia was treated first with intravenous infusions of fluids and furosemide and then of methylprednisolone. This standard treatment was not effective; therefore, we administered a single low dose of zoledronic acid, which, in turn, was efficacious in ultimately managing the hypercalcemia. Conclusion Our case shows how a single low dose of zoledronic acid was safe and effective in managing severe hypercalcemia unresponsive to conventional treatment while minimizing the risk of hypocalcemic rebounds.

Rotavirus (RV) is among the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in children under five years of age. Despite the severity of rotavirus pathology in early childhood, rotavirus vaccination for children admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), who are often born preterm and with various previous illnesses, is not performed. This multicenter, 3-year project aims to evaluate the safety of RV vaccine administration within the six main neonatal intensive care units of the Sicilian Region to preterm infants. Methods: Monovalent live attenuated anti-RV vaccination (RV1) was administered from April 2018 to December 2019 to preterm infants with gestational age ≥ 28 weeks. Vaccine administrations were performed in both inpatient and outpatient hospital settings as a post-discharge follow-up (NICU setting) starting at 6 weeks of age according to the official immunization schedule. Any adverse events (expected, unexpected, and serious) were monitored from vaccine administration up to 14 days (first assessment) and 28 days (second assessment) after each of the two scheduled vaccine doses. Results: At the end of December 2019, 449 preterm infants were vaccinated with both doses of rotavirus vaccine within the six participating Sicilian NICUs. Mean gestational age in weeks was 33.1 (±3.8 SD) and the first dose of RV vaccine was administered at 55 days (±12.9 SD) on average. The mean weight at the first dose was 3388 (SD ± 903) grams. Only 0.6% and 0.2% of infants reported abdominal colic and fever above 38.5 °C in the 14 days after the first dose, respectively. Overall, 1.9% EAEs were observed at 14 days and 0.4% at 28 days after the first/second dose administration. Conclusions: Data obtained from this study confirm the safety of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine even in preterm infants with gestational age ≥ 28 weeks, presenting an opportunity to improve the vaccination offer both in Sicily and in Italy by protecting the most fragile infants who are more at risk of contracting severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and nosocomial RV infection.

BackgroundKawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited vasculitis of infants and children that is nowadays the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children.Transient sensorineural hearing loss (20 to 35 dB) is a possible complication of acute phase KD and may be related to salicylate toxicity in some patients.ObjectivesBrainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs), and Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) were examined in 43 children (age: 0,8-7,5 years) affected by KD. No risk factors for hearing loss and/or neurological impairment of CNS were identified in all the patients.BAEPs showed altered waves II to V, in 18 patients (42%). Among these, in 4 patients (20%) VEPs showed altered waves.ResultsThe 18 patients with altered waves of BAEPs were 11 with typical KD, 7 with incomplete KD. Among the 11 patients with altered BAEPs and typical KD, 36% showed coronaritis; among the 7 patients with altered BAEPs and incomplete KD, 57% showed coronaritis.The evaluation of waves VI, VII, interpeak latency V-VII were performed in all the patients and showed a pathological pattern in 72% of altered BAEPs, but also in 68% of patients with normal waves I to V. These waves are expression of neuronal conduction in medial geniculate, acoustic radiations, sign of a lesion of mesencephalon, thalamus and/or acoustic radiations.No correlation was relieved with EVIG doses, days of fever at the start of EVIG, pre-EVIG D-Dimer plasmatic levels, CRP, ESR, leukocytes, neutrophils percentage pre- and post- EVIG.ConclusionsAltered BAEPs waves are relieved in 81% of KD patients; 70% of KD patients showed altered VI, VII and/or V-VII expression of CNS vasculitis of mesencephalon, thalamus and/or acoustic radiations. Despite normal hearing acuity these children showed a vasculitis of CNS, in 43% of them coronaritis was associated.ReferencesKnott PD, Orloff LA, Harris JP, Novak RE, Burns JC; Kawasaki Disease Multicenter Hearing Loss Study Group. Sensorineural hearing loss and Kawasaki disease: a prospective study. Am J Otolaryngol. 2001;22(5):343-8.Disclosure of InterestNone declared