Several studies about the phylogenetic relationships of the Scarabaeinae subfamily (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) have been performed, but some phylogenetic uncertainties persist including the relationship and monophyly of different tribes and some genera. The aim of this study was to characterize the mitogenome of Coprophanaeus ensifer in order to establish its position within the Scarabaeidae family and to contribute to the resolution of some phylogenetic uncertainties. The mitogenome was sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 4000, assembled using the Mitobim software and annotated in MITOS WebServer. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed by Bayesian inference. The C. ensifer mitogenome is a molecule of 14,964 bp that contains the number and organization of the genes similar to those of most Coleoptera species. Phylogenetic reconstruction suggests monophyly of the tribe Phanaeini and supports the hypothesis that Coprini is a sister group of Phanaeini. The results also revealed the position of the tribe Oniticellini which is grouped with Onthophagini and Onitini. The geographic distribution of these species that form the most ancestral clade suggests with Scarabaeinae originated in Africa.

The current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 originated in the city of Wuhan, China with an outbreak of pneumonia. The reported symptoms were mostly respiratory, but mounting evidence began to indicate that COVID-19 could reach other organs and systems. Among the gastrointestinal symptoms, liver involvement appears to be more common, with changes in liver enzymes (ALT and AST) being the first sign. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate and discuss the hepatic manifestations in COVID-19 as the infection, manifestations, and drug effects. The study was based on a literature review, of a qualitative nature and an exploratory type. The mechanism that SARS-CoV-2 uses to reach the liver is still uncertain, there are currently 3 hypotheses: ACE2 receptors in cholangiocytes, cytokine storm, and drug-induced liver injury, due to the increase in the indiscriminate use of hepatotoxic drugs without scientific comprovation, hydroxychloroquine can lead to fulminant hepatic failure and azithromycin potentiates these effects, the role of remdesivir on the liver are still uncertain. Liver damage in mild cases of COVID-19 can be transient, but doctors should monitor and be alert to any changes in liver enzymes. When severe liver damage occurs, liver protective drugs have usually been given to these patients. Thus, this review provides a review of hepatic impairment and the management of patients considering the main studies carried out to date.

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The current pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread alarmingly around the world at a significantly faster speed than previous coronaviral outbreaks. Due to the lack of a vaccine at the moment, an early antiviral intervention can prevent the spread of the disease worldwide and improve the clinical results of infected patients. The SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) have a similar structure, replication, and catalytic mechanisms, therefore, several studies have considered the potential for antiviral activity of anti-HCV drugs such as remdesivir, simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and daclatasvir against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate and discuss the antivirals already available against HCV, which have also been shown to be potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. The study was based on a literature review, of a qualitative nature and an exploratory type. Studies with anti-HCV drugs are promising and are already considered to start clinical trials in patients infected with the new coronavirus, having been observed as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication. Thus, the present study brings a pharmaco-clinical review on antivirals remdesivir, simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and daclatasvir, considering the main studies carried out to date in the treatment for Covid-19.