Although many educators have recently discussed the positive effects of flipped learning, there is little empirical evidence about whether this approach can actually promote students' English learning. This study was undertaken in four sections of the same College English 1 (E1) course over two consecutive semesters at a South Korean university. A total of 79 students enrolled in the E1 course participated in the study. Of the participants, 39 learned English using a communicative language teaching approach, whereas 40 studied English in a flipped learning manner. Data were gathered from the students' achievements in three major tasks, their responses to three surveys, and the instructor's notes on the students' engagement in the process of their English learning. Findings demonstrate that the students in the flipped classroom achieved higher average scores in their final three tasks than those in the non-flipped classroom, but only the final examination mean score indicated statistical significance. However, surveys indicated that most students in this study seemed to enjoy learning English in a flipped learning environment. Also, the instructor found the students in the flipped classroom to be more engaged in the learning process than those in the non-flipped classroom. Pedagogical implications for effective English teaching are discussed. C ommunicative language teaching (CLT), which was born in the early 1970s out of the need to develop communication skills, has been one of the most commonly employed teaching methodologies in English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language
Drugs
are commonly administered via the intraperitoneal (IP) route
to treat localized infections and cancers in patients and to test
drug efficacy and toxicity in preclinical studies. Despite this, there
remain large gaps in our understanding of drug absorption routes (lymph
vs blood) and pharmacokinetics following IP administration. This is
particularly true when drugs are administered in complex delivery
systems such as liposomes which are the main marketed formulation
for several drugs that are administered intraperitoneally. This study
investigated the impact of liposome surface properties (charge and
PEGylation) on absorption into lymph and blood, and lymphatic disposition
patterns, following IP administration. To achieve this, stable 3H-dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine
(DPPC) and 14C-sucrose-radiolabeled liposomes of 100–150
nm diameter with negative, neutral, or positive surface charge, or
a PEGylated surface, were prepared and administered intraperitoneally
to rats. Radiolabel concentrations were measured in lymph, blood,
and lymph nodes (LNs). Lymph was collected from the thoracic lymph
duct at either the abdomen (ABD) or the jugular–subclavian
junction (JSJ). The lymphatic recovery of the radiolabels was substantially
lower after administration in positively charged compared to the neutral,
negative, or PEGylated liposomes. Radiolabel recovery was substantially
greater (up to 18-fold) in the thoracic lymph collected at the JSJ
when compared to that at the ABD, suggesting that liposomes entered
the lymphatics at the diaphragm. Consistent with this, the concentration
of the liposome labels was substantially higher (up to seven-fold)
in mediastinal than in mesenteric LNs. Overall, this study shows how
the peritoneal absorption and lymphatic disposition of drugs administered
intraperitoneally can be manipulated through a careful selection of
the drug delivery system and may thus be optimized to treat localized
conditions such as cancers, infections, inflammatory diseases, and
acute and critical illness.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.