The idea to connect everything to anything and at any point of time is what vaguely defines the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is not only about providing connectivity but also facilitating interaction among these connected things. One of the most significant concerns of IoT is to provide security assurance for the data exchange because data is vulnerable to some attacks by the attackers at each layer of IoT. The IoT has a layered structure where each layer provides a service. The security needs vary from layer to layer as each layer serves a different purpose. This paper aims to analyze the various security and privacy threats related to IoT. Some attacks have been discussed along with some existing and proposed counter measures. In developing countries, IoT technologies have brought increased efficiency and effectiveness to existing processes. For instance, farmers are using remote sensors to monitor moisture levels and soil conditions in the fields to avoid crop failure. Similar sensors are providing remote control of micro-irrigation pumps for example in India and water pumps in Rwanda, improving functionality and reducing repair intervals. And in Haiti, healthcare professionals are using "smart" thermometers to better track vaccine delivery and storage. Totally the paper presents an overview of the enablement of IoT in developing countries and discusses the visions, general applications, opportunities and challenges of IoT in these countries. It also touches on issues relating to security, privacy, trust and the accompanied complexity. The potential applications for IoT are countless and can optimize processes with a direct impact on society. Certain challenges have to be addressed to make IoT deployment successful. It will be shown that some of the challenges can be turned into opportunities and that IoT has good chances to succeed in developing countries. This report explores the current use and potential of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in tackling global development challenges, highlighting a number of specific instances where IoT interventions are helping to solve some of the world's most pressing issues it presents summary conclusions on what is required for the IoT to reach billions of people living in the developing world, and also to accelerate income growth and social development as a result.

Educational institutions throughout the World have become highly dependent on information technology for their teaching-learning, service delivery and business requirements. The term cloud computing is completely new trend and technology which is known as third party revolution after computer and internet, in distributed computing, parallel computing, grid computing and in the case of distributed database improves the power of digital library. Cloud computing is making it possible to separate the process of building an infrastructure for service provisioning from the library of providing end user services. Cloud computing provides people the way to share distributed resources and services that belong to different organizations or sites. Cloud computing share distributed resources via the network in the open environment. The digital libraries have to face with some technique and service problems along with many advantages relative to the traditional libraries, and all these produce the practical needs of cloud computing. Cloud computing has influenced information resources, information users, information personnel and information facilities of digital libraries with its unique advantages and then promoted the development of digital libraries. Developed country like Ethiopia Libraries may soon be building and managing their own data centers. Different models show that libraries maintain more control over the applications and data stores that contain sensitive, private information about patrons. Provisioning and maintenance of infrastructure for Web based digital library present several challenges. In this paper we discuss problems faced with digital library and development efforts to overcome that problem. Infrastructure virtualization and cloud computing are particularly attractive choices which is challenged by both growth in the size of the indexed document collection, new features and most prominently usage. With the overview of Cloud Computing to university library, services of libraries will have a new leap in the near future. Services provided by libraries will become more user centric, more professional and more effective, etc. And we all believe that libraries will create more knowledge benefits for Ethiopia with the help of Cloud Computing.

Nowadays, there has been fast growth in cloud computing and social networking technologies. Cloud computing translates the computing resources to a third party, eliminating the need to purchase, configure and maintain those resources. With the increasingly ubiquitous nature of Social networks and Cloud computing, users are starting to explore new ways to interact with, and exploit these developing paradigms. Social networks are used to reflect real world relationships that allow users to share information and form connections between one another, essentially creating dynamic Virtual Organizations. Cloud Computing and Social Network Sites (SNS) are among the most controversially discussed developments in recent years. The opportunities of using powerful computing resources on demand via the web are considered as a possible driver for the growth of the world economy. Social networks provide a virtual place where people can interact and share. With the increasing user base and the competition social networks needed a scalable, cost-effective backend architecture and efficient business. Online social media network has become part of human life by transforming the way users create new social relations or relate with family and friends. A social network, as the name suggests is a network of individuals created for social communication. It is a massive platform where people interact with others anywhere in the world online based on some relationship. The relationship can be friendship, family membership or others with some shared interests. Despite these considerable benefits, there are serious concerns and challenges about this new technology. The most important issue is related to security and privacy subjects in cloud-based environments. Accordingly, challenges and concerns related to cloud based environments have been identified and most appropriate current solutions for each challenge have been described. In overall, it is anticipated that cloud computing will be the most important and challenging issue in IT industry. As regarding the importance of this technology, we hope this paper will contribute to a better understanding of the vision of cloud computing and the challenges ahead for further researches. Likewise, social networks have seen enormous growth, with millions of Internet users actively participating across various social networking websites.

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Nanotechnologies are being spoken of as the driving force behind a new industrial revolution. Both private and public-sector spending are constantly increasing. In recent years the industries like Automobile, Medical, Space, Communication, Space and Military have realized tremendous benefits originating from discoveries made in the fields of Nanotechnology, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (NRAI).During the last decade there has been increasing use of artificial intelligence tools in nanotechnology research. Artificial intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology are two fields that are instrumental in realizing the goal of precision medicine tailoring the best treatment for each cancer patient. Recent conversion between these two fields is enabling better patient data acquisition and improved design of nonmaterial's for precision cancer medicine. Diagnostic nonmaterial's are used to assemble a patient-specific disease profile, which is then leveraged, through a set of therapeutic nanotechnologies, to improve the treatment outcome. However, high intratumor and interpatient heterogeneities make the rational design of diagnostic and therapeutic platforms, and analysis of their output, extremely difficult. Integration of AI approaches can bridge this gap, using pattern analysis and classification algorithms for improved diagnostic and therapeutic accuracy. Nanomedicine design also benefits from the application of AI, by optimizing material properties according to predicted interactions with the target drug, biological fluids, immune system, vasculature, and cell membranes, all affecting therapeutic efficacy. Here, fundamental concepts in AI are described and the contributions and promise of nanotechnology coupled with AI to the future of precision cancer medicine are reviewed. Nanoscale applications working alone and in concert with AI will begin to move from the laboratories of the world into the theatres of war. Just as AI systems are now being wholly integrated into military decision making processes such as allowing satellites to deter attacks autonomously, in complimentary fashion, nanotechnology is providing the fabric for military space development.