Serum Hap concentrations are of potential value for use in assessing feedlot cattle that may become ill as a result of respiratory tract disease and for use in monitoring treatment efficacy.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be differentiated into insulin-producing cells by a five-stage procedure involving altering culture conditions and addition of nicotinamide. The amounts of insulin in these cells are lower than those found in pancreatic cells. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induces the differentiation of cells from ductal progenitor cells. We examined the possibility of GLP-1, and its long-acting agonist exendin-4, enhancing the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from mouse ESCs (mESCs). A five-stage culturing strategy starting with embryoid bodies (EBs) was used in this study. mRNA for pancreatic duodenal homeobox gene 1 (PDX-1) and neurogenic differentiation (NeuroD) was detected from stage 1, hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 beta (HNF3 ) and insulin 2 from stage 2, Ngn3 and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) from stage 3, and insulin 1 and other -cell markers, at stages 4-5. Cells at stage 5 secreted C-peptide, being 0·68 0·01 pmol/10 6 cells per 2 days, and had an immunoreactive insulin content of 13·5 0·7 pmol/10 6 cells. Addition of GLP-1 (100 nM) and nicotinamide (10 mM) at stage 5 resulted in a 50% and 48% increase in insulin content and C-peptide secretion respectively compared with nicotinamide alone. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was enhanced 4-fold by addition of both growth factors. The GLP-1 receptor was present at all five stages of the culture. Addition of exendin-4 to cells at stage 2 resulted in a 4·9-fold increase in expression of the gene for insulin 1 and a 2-fold increase in insulin content compared with the effect of nicotinamide alone at stage 5. It is concluded that both GLP-1 and exendin-4 enhance the level of expression of insulin in glucose-responsive insulinproducing cells derived from the R1 mESC line.

Bovine respiratory disease continues to be a major problem in shipped cattle. Development of an analytical tool for predicting severity of respiratory disease and as a prognostic tool would be valuable to bovine practitioners. Measurement of acute-phase proteins as a screening test for overall health status of groups of cattle has potential for assessing severity of infection.