Recently, women have become relatively more engaged in the labour market and this increasing trend toward women's participation in jobs in the third world countries has drawn both social and academic attention. It is on the bases of this context, that this paper purports to empirically investigate the determinants of female labour force participation in Cameroon. Specifically, the study attempts to scrutinise the effect of: (a) spouse working status, (b) mothers/household characteristics, and (c) the type of religion practiced, on female labour force participation. To ascertain these objectives, data is sourced from the 2011 Cameroon Demographic Health Survey data collected by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and used is made of both descriptive and inferential statistics. The logit regression model is employed to test the objectives. The empirical findings, among others suggested that, a woman with a non-working husband, an increase in age, presence of woman in the household increases the likelihood of women participating in the labour market. Contrarily, the presence of young children aged 0-5 years in the household and being a Muslim reduces the likelihood of women participating in the labour market. Policy wise, it is important for policy makers to understand women's decision to supply labour in the labour market as well as the factors that enable them to either participate or not in the job market. To assess the effect of the employability of the spouse on female labour force participation in Cameroon and across residence.  To investigate the effects of mother/household characteristics on female labour force participation in Cameroon and across residence.  To scrutinise the differential effects of religion on female labour force participation across residence. These objectives are guided by the following testable hypotheses, stated in alternative form: The partner"s employability is expected to relate negatively with FLFP  Mother"s household characteristics have a positive effect on FLFP  We expect Muslims to participate less in the labour market than Christians. The remaining sections of this paper is structured as follows: section II focus on the literature reviews, section III presents the methodology and the data description is done in section IV while section V present the findings and section VI concludes the paper.

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Purpose. Managerial innovation, if it constitutes a real lever for transformation and performance of companies in developed countries, in Africa, only a tiny part of SME managers make it a priority. At the same time, most African economies continue to be at the forefront of the adoption of global technological innovations. Given the fact that managerial innovation has proven itself in the Western context, and that the context of Sub-Saharan Africa is still unclear, it is important to develop management methods in this context by adapting them to new ones economic models, new objectives, new processes in order to see its impact on improving the productivity and performance of SMEs. Design/Methodology/Approach. A survey instrument based on the questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data to explain the performance of SMEs through the adoption of managerial innovation. For data analysis, multiple linear regression analysis was used. Findings and implications. The findings indicate that, managerial innovation, through its two main components, "change in management practices" and "change in organizational structure", make it possible to increase market share, production efficiency, the bottom line and, in turn, improve the overall performance of the business. Overall, the results of the study show that the fit model is of good quality and can be used to explain the theory. Limitations. The results of this study may not be generalisable to all African SMEs because they are based only on a sub-Saharan African country and the sample size therefore remains small. Originality. The contribution of this article is manifold: it supports the theories of contingency and resource dependence that organizations are adaptive systems that introduce changes to function effectively and improve their performance. Second, it allows SME managers to optimize the chances of sustainability for their businesses, because managerial innovation allows them to: differentiate themselves from their competitors by inventing new offers. Finally, it allows SME managers to no longer confine themselves to the technological aspect of innovation (products, processes) whose lifespan is constantly shortened. Studies of this nature can lead to stimulating managerial innovation in emerging and developing countries, by developing horizontal or networked organizational structures and no longer vertical and pyramidal structures which no longer meet current requirements.

Article HistoryThis paper identified the role of employment vulnerability and other regressed-income sources in accounting for private sector inequality and examined how much inequality in income and vulnerability is accounted for by within-and between-employment sector components in Cameroon. The paper employed two decomposition approaches: a regression-based framework and a Shapley Value-based rule. To attain these objectives, use was made of the 2007 Cameroon household consumption survey conducted by the government"s statistics office. Employment vulnerability accounted for about 4.1 percent to the national private sector income inequality of 0.38, meanwhile, labour market experience, years of schooling, infant dependency and urban residency accounted for about 6.4, 10.3, 7.0 and 14.2 percent, respectively. Results also showed that the within-group components overly accounted for the national private sector income Gini inequality. Whereas, over 87 percentage points of the within-sector inequality component of 92.5 percent was accounted for by the informal sector, inequality between the formal and informal sectors of employment was only 7.5 percent. These findings highlighted the heterogeneity of informal sector activities and the wisdom of designing policies that can entice transition from informality to formal sector activities. Contribution/ Originality:This study is first of its kind to consider the contributions of labour market factors such as longevity, employment vulnerability in examining income inequality in Cameroon. This study uses new regression-based methodology to explain income inequality. Its primary contribution is empirical knowledge on the relationship between employment vulnerability and inequality.

Several works have studied the consequences of industrialization on macroeconomic variables. However, the relationship between industrialization and education has not yet been studied, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The objective of this study is to fill this limitation of the literature by analyzing the direct effect of industrialization on education in 23 SSA countries during the period 2000-2018. Moreover, we analyzed the indirect effect between the two variables through the transmission channels. To achieve our objective, we mobilized the Driscoll and Kraay methods and System GMM. The results reveal that there is a negative and significant relationship between industrialization and education. Moreover, urbanization and per capita income are transmission channels that contribute to mitigating this negative effect. Finally, our results show that the positive impact of the processing sector on education in SSA is conditioned by the achievement of a certain per capita income threshold and a certain urbanization threshold.